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JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
c)
Ishikawa’s diagram
15
- known also under the name of
cause and effect diagram for analyzing of causes and
consequences based on the principle of causality.
d)
Differentiation according to the urgency of problems
16
- helps to focus only on urgent problems that need to be
addressed and tries not lose time by finding solutions of
non-essential issues. It divides problems in following
categories:
a.
Problems with a high degree of urgency - need to be
resolved immediately, the solution cannot be
delayed. Typically, these issues have huge
consequences or are completely preventing
execution of tasks as such.
b.
Problems with a medium degree of urgency – the
development of a solution can be spread over
time and planned.
c.
Problems with a low degree of urgency - search for a
solution may be postponed and it is sufficient to
monitor only the detected problem. These
problems are usually kind of uncomfortable,
however, they do not represent a major obstacle
in the execution of tasks.
d.
False alarm - do not require solution. Those usually
resolve themselves without intervention.
Management techniques used for creating variants:
e)
The Variants Matrix (Ansoff Matrix)
17
- used mainly
in marketing for creation of variants based on the
perception of two to three factors in the matrix.
f)
Branched decision - used in connection with higher
number of factors, it resembles the shape of a branched
tree where each branch is one solution, it allows to search
for the extreme solutions.
g)
Analogy techniques - developing creativity:
I.
Personal analogy - element solver identifies alone by
himself and looks for the solutions based on of
his/her experience.
II.
Direct analogy - looks for similar situations in the
past that generate solutions
III.
Symbolic analogy - brings new perspectives as it
seeks the solution in different areas
IV.
Fantasy analogy - new views created based on
unproven ideas.
Management techniques used for determining the criteria for
solution assessment, evaluation and control of the variants:
h)
One-criteria decision making - application of only one
criteria when by selection
i)
Multi-criteria decision making – decisions are based on
multiple criteria
I.
Maximization principle (solution which best meets
criteria), optimization (best meets the objective
function under the given criteria) and of
satisfaction (it is not looking for the best option,
but takes the first solution meeting the criteria)
II.
Principle of feasibility
(feasibility solutions),
acceptance (solution fulfilling the objectives of
the organization) and vulnerability (considers
risks of solutions)
III.
Principle of intuition, methodical recommendations
and opinions derived from defined goals and
objectives
j)
Comparison:
I.
Comparing with past results
II.
Comparing with planned results
III.
Comparing with results of other organizational units
IV.
Comparing with prescriptive standards
15
KERN, J. Ishikawa Diagramme - Ursache-Wirkungs-Diagramme. Norderstedt:
GRIN Verlag, 2008, p. 1-32.
16
PAPULA, J.; PAPULOVÁ, Z. Manažérske rozhodovanie: Prístupy a postupy.
Bratislava: Kartprint, 2014, p. 94-96.
17
SILBIGER, S. A. The Ten-Day MBA 4th Ed.: A Step-by-Step Guide to Mastering
the Skills Taught In America's Top Business Schools. New York: HarperBusiness,
2012. p. 337-338.
V.
Comparing with the hypothetical situation
k)
decision matrix
l)
decision-making board
m)
assessment of the alternative solutions using
differentiated weights selected request
Management techniques used to implement decisions and to
monitor their realization:
n)
Leadership style
I.
Autocratic
II.
Participative
III.
Democratic
o)
Decision-making style
I.
individual
(analytical, prescriptive, conceptual,
behavioral)
II.
group (brainstorming, Delphi method, a formal
technique (silent) group, the method of matching
cards paired technology selection, criterial
decision-making)
3.7.1 Operation
At the beginning of the observation an interest in the problems
of other line managers in the same position was detected by the
observed manager. He advised and taught them how to do which
tasks if he did have the necessary know-how. He shared his
knowledge with others where most of them were new managers.
At the end of the observation, the situation changed and the
observed manager did care solely about issues that concerned
him or his team. Here we can conclude that he used the Occam's
razor technique in operation. However, there may be several
reasons for this change and the most probable may be the lack of
time and too much responsibility in view of the constantly
growing number of team members. The second reason may be
sense of power and the reason that he had to find out the
processes for yourself and wanted others to have to walk the
same difficult path full of obstacles. Whatever the reasons may
be, the observed manager started to address solely problems
under his responsibility concerning his team of what we can
conclude him using the Occam's razor.
For the analysis of actual issues the observed manager applied
the Pareto´s principle at all levels of urgency. Though the
analysis he assessed the most likely causes of the encountered
issues and he tried to solve those first. The use of Pareto´s
principle was applicable to all areas of managerial decision
(operation, tactics, strategy). The reason of the use of this
principle may also lie in the lack of time and higher amount of
issues due to too many team members.
The observed manager applied the analogy technique of variant
formation. The need of accesses and their requesting was
although different for each kind of access, however, all of them
were similar in the view of the process steps.
At the selection step of the decision making the observed
manager used one-criteria selection with regard to the possibility
of access and rights associated with it.
In the implementation phase the manager observed applied the
same leadership style at all levels which was the autocratic,
directive leadership style. He conducted the decision always by
himself and ordered the chosen implementation, which he
subsequently inspected and compared with planned results. Here
it is necessary to state that the observed manager essentially and
mechanically executed the instructions of his superior and that at
such a position shall be a person who is able to independently
manage and decide and reduce the work load of their superiors
on such a way as they are responsible for several teams.
3.7.2 Tactics and Strategy
As previously mentioned, the observed manager always applied
differentiation of issues according to their urgency and priority.
He tackled the issues which were in turn from the more urgent to
less significant. The most probable cause may be the fact that
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