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JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
Methodology: there can be a wrong formulation of questions
or the wrong choice questions. With open questions is
danger of extreme values, a dichotomous choice can
influence the decision of the respondent (Seják, 2002).
2.3 The use of observational preferences
In the case of observational preferences is used method of
hedonic prices and travel cost method. Hedonic prices method
assumes the existence of a market for tradable goods which is
influenced by non-market goods environment. The economic
value of the environmental service is appreciated that directly
affects the market price of a product. This method is used in the
real estate market. The method is applicable only if it excludes
the effect of other factors that determine the price of real estate
(utilities, amenities, transportation). If these parameters in both
cases are the same, it can be argued that the different real estate
price is due to the quality of the environment (e.g. due to
contamination of the water source, the load area emissions,
noise, access to the park, etc.). The difference in prices can be
characterized as a willingness to pay for quality of the
environment. The main disadvantage of this method is the
limitation of its use and the high demands on accurate
information about the real estate market and elimination
secondary factors (Seják, 1999).
The second method, which is used in case of observational
preferences, is the travel cost method. This method has been
used since 1949. This method comments on the value of holiday
resorts, such as protected landscape areas, national parks, water
levels and other attractions. The award takes into account the
financial and time demands of the site - the distance the visitor
must undergo, transport costs, visit duration, frequency of visits
etc. The basic idea is to use information about transport costs as
an estimate people's willingness to pay for staying in a holiday
resort.
The procedure begins with the determination of zones at
different distances from recreation sites and realization research
in these areas in order to get the average number of visitors to
the recreation sites from each zone. The second phase is to
determine the financial costs necessary for the journey from
individual zones to recreational sites and generate demand curve
of the recreational area and determination recreational values of
the area.
The main advantage of this method is its wide applicability.
Distortion result may occur because of the so called
multipurpose visit. Visitation of locality may be part of the
round trip which includes a visit as well as other locations. The
visit may be just turning on the route e.g. stop on a business trip,
visiting relatives etc. In this case, it must be observed outcome
spread among multiple locations. The principal disadvantage of
this method is that it reflects the factors concerning only arrival.
The actual recreation and factors associated with residence in a
given location are not taken into account, so this method
underestimates the total value of resources (Seják, 2002).
2.4 The expert forms of expression values of the environment
Shortcomings of these methods described above led in recent
years to use other ways to evaluate environmental goods. One of
the so called expert forms of expression values of the
environment is a Hessen´s method. Using that no the valuation
of by consumers, but through environmentalists who have
relatively more knowledge about the life-giving functions valued
resource (Seják, 2002). Hessen´s method has been using in
Germany for 30 years and is currently steering it into a charge
loss and subsidies for improving area, which occurs due to
human activities. Hessen´s method is also included in the so
called European Commission White Paper (EU, 2011).
3 Conclusion
Increasing human population treats with natural capital as a free
good. From generation to generation, people inherit this kind of
capital, which have been generating over 3.8 billion years. Over
the last century, however, due to economic activities disappeared
half wetlands and half of the forests. Only in the Czech Republic
has been for the past 50 years dried one million hectares of
farmland. Therefore, approximately economic valuation of the
environmental value of goods is the first step to include the
services that nature provides in planning national policies. And it
means change for public behaviour and a prerequisite for
sustainable development for future generations.
On various economic aspects of the environment can be viewed
from different views. One option is a view in terms of subjects
operating in the developed economy, the other one would be
from the perspective of developing countries, where focus on
environmental protection ,,is postponed to another track because
of logical reasons”. In terms of developed countries, there is
given the emphasis on water protection, economical use of this
resource and its pollution control. From a global perspective,
however, 2.4 billion people are not connected to the sewerage
system and 1 billion people lacks access to safe drinking water.
Hardly in such conditions will be an emphasis on protecting
natural water supplies, when the company does not have it (UN,
2015).
Generally, it can say that environmental protection is applied in
societies where they are provided basic human needs and where
local inhabitants are not in danger of life and health. Afterwards
other sophisticated social goals can be observed and checked.
Access to natural resources is therefore influenced by many
factors, including political influences, access of government,
institutional conditions, religion, ethnic, historical and other
features of the individual economies. This, however, given the
scale of the issue, is not the subject of this paper, which focused
economic contexts in a developed economy.
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Primary Paper Section: A
Secondary Paper Section: AH
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