AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
to facilitate the submission of trade-related information and/or
documents at a single entry point (UNECE Recommendations
and guidelines on establishing a Single Window to enhance the
efficient exchange of information between trade and
government). In scientific literature it is also recommended to
develop initiatives such as electronic information sharing, e-
Customs and automated risk management (Urciuoli, et.al.,
2013), that have a core function to achieve the objective of
facilitating trade. However main dilemma in Customs
management is balancing the needs for trade facilitation as a
process of simplification, standardization and unification of
documents and procedures in international supply chain, on the
one hand, and the level of controls and interventions, on the
other hand. For more than a decade the WCO has played an
active and key role in addressing the complex problem of
corruption in public service and more specifically in Customs.
Integrity in Customs was initially placed on the WCO Agenda in
the late 1980s and culminated in the adoption, in 1993, of the
WCO Arusha Declaration on Integrity in Customs. This
Declaration shows the willingness of the WCO to encourage its
Members to comply with rules governing integrity and to carry
out their activities effectively. It contains specific elements that
are designed to improve the efficiency of Member
administrations and reduce or eliminate opportunities for
corruption. It is the focal point for the WCO’s anti-corruption
and Integrity development effort. An institutional mechanism
such as an Integrity Working Group, currently Integrity Sub-
Committee was established and supporting instruments such as
WCO Integrity Self-Assessment Guide and Model Code of
Ethics and Conduct as well as the WCO Integrity Action Plan
were developed. To assist Members in implementing the
Revised Arusha Declaration, the WCO has developed the
Integrity Development Guide as a comprehensive integrity tool
set. The WCO produced the first version of the WCO
Compendium of Integrity Best Practices in collaboration with its
Member administrations. A database of the integrity best
practices (Integrity Best Practice Resource Centre) is also
developed (Integrity). Traditionally risk management in customs
is connected only to main processes (collection, control,
enforcement) as a part of achievement of targets and is not
interconnected with other functions and general management
proce
sses (Pētersone, 2013). However for risk management to be
effective, it needs to be embedded as an organizational culture
and be part of the system Customs runs its business (WCO
Customs Risk Management Compendium). Latvian State
Revenue Service (SRS) as a legal enforcement entity operating
within the framework of the Ministry of Finance is involved in
all international modernization processes related to trade
facilitation and efforts to ensure duty collection and security. In
the last ten-year period, SRS has implemented contemporary
improvements and developments in standardization and
harmonization of customs procedures and management systems
and fully compatible with EU customs system. As well as SRS
has built up framework of national legal provisions for
establishment and development of risk management system. As
risk-based management concept is applicable in almost every
business and governmental area, there is a lot of experience that
could be shared with Customs issue. For public administration
risk management most often such as risk management standards
as
‒
ISO 31000:2009, ‒ AIRMIC, ALARM IRM: 2002
and ‒COSO:200 are used. Customs administration risk
management for general processes is based on ISO standards.
From Customs point of view, risks include the potentials for
non-compliance with Customs law such as licensing
requirements, valuation provisions, rules of origin, duty
exemption regimes, trade restrictions, and security regulations,
as well as the potential failure to facilitate international trade (De
Wulf, Sokol, 2005). The risk management process such, as the
systematic identification and implementation of all measures
necessary to limit exposure to risk, consists of several
procedures that Customs administrations should put through:
risks identification; risk assessment that consists of risk analyses
and risk evaluation; risk treatment; monitoring and reviewing,
and communication and consultation within national Customs
administrations, C2C (Customs to Customs) and C2B (Customs
to Business) (WCO, 2003). SRS along with the imposition of
risk management approach in the national Customs legislation,
has adopted appropriate strategic documents, as well as has
developed and amended several operational and tactical
documents. SRS risk management system is applicable for basic
processes and some support processes covering SRS
departments’ tasks and activities. In the field of corruption – a
register of the corruption risks has been created. The main
purpose of register is to be a document that indentifies processes
where integrity violation is possible. In the Corruption risk
register there are defined basic processes, possible corruption
event, probability of this event, impact, initial risks, internal
control measures, remaining risk and allowable risk. At the same
time corruption risk register does not have any information of
factual risk incidents and lack of this information denies
calculation of appropriate probability. In the customs field main
two areas are addressed by SRS strategic documents. Customs
frauds, as evading payment of tariffs and other duties, are treated
through: declaring and accepting improper customs value;
declaring and accepting misclassification; declaring and
accepting improper origin of goods; discharge of import for
processing; discharge of outward processing; illicit removal of
goods from customs supervision; and undeclared import goods
for customs clearance, as one of the most important and highly
recognized risks in Customs management strategies worldwide.
And also threats on safety and security of the society in terms of
public health, environment and consumers, including proper
implementation of measures related to import and export of
goods to and from Latvia, as a risk area is regarded to smuggling
of weapons; smuggling of drugs and precursors; money
laundering and terrorist financing; smuggling endangered animal
and plant species; smuggling of nuclear and radioactive material;
smuggling of high technology and weapons; illicit trade in dual-
use goods etc.
According to Guidelines recommended by the Latvian
Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau (KNAB) for the
anti-corruption plan development, the nature of the risks is
arising in connection with the performance of the direct
functions. Because of the corruption risks deep analysis of the
risk areas – authority functions, procedures and job positions that
have a higher risk of corruption and unfair performance
(Guidelines for the development of a plan for the establishment
of anti-corruption measures). Latvian Corruption Prevention and
Combating Bureau in 2009 conducted a survey on the State
administrative institution internal control systems and a similar
survey in 2010 on the municipal internal control systems.
Results of these surveys can be attributed also on the SRS
Customs administration. Main conclusions that many
institutions’ anti-corruption plans are not treated as internal
control, risk management and the monitoring system, the plans
are not linked to the identification of corruption risks. Planned
measures are often very formal and do not foresee any specific
actions on the corruption risks to The concept of decreasing
corruption in State administration institutions and local
governments). According to the internal Latvian State Revenues
Service procedures risk management system is organized
dividing risks into two groups: compliance risks – external risks
which arise from the taxpayers' behaviour and the intentional or
unintentional activities violating duties specified in regulatory
tax and customs legislation and shall be identified, analyzed and
evaluated within the core processes of tax and customs
administration; organizational risks- internal and external risks
arising from external events, internal processes, persons and
systems and cause inadequate or incomplete actions, and which
should be identified, analyzed and evaluated in the core and
support processes.
SRS risk management is conducted at three levels – strategic,
tactical and operational levels according to management and
decision making level. Decision making level depends on
obstacles and risks, since action planning and risk identification,
analysis, prevention and detection of priorities, as well as should
carry out an evaluation of the planned actions which can be
carried for different processes and functions. Strategic level of
risk management is involved in strategic risk management
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