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JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
uncertain descent, who were probably dark skinned. These
expressions were used to describe people with origin outside of
Europe, or to describe skin colour of Europeans, who, for some
reason, had darker skin than their surroudings (SNOWDEN,
1947, 274). Word niger can be in latin even synonym for
Aethiops. That is attested in case of legendary Ethiopian king
Memnon – Catullus calls him Memnonis Aethiopi (Catul. 66.52),
meanwhile Ovid and Vergil use nigri Memnonis (Ov. Am. 1.8.3-
4; Ov. Pont. 3.3.96-97; Verg. A. 1.489). In this case, term niger
serves to describe Ethiopian, if we accept the fact, that in
kingdom of Kush population was mainly of negroid type
(SNOWDEN, 1947, 276). Fuscus then most probably describes
person with slightly lighter skin colour than niger, as is
mentioned in Sidonius (Sid. Ep. 2.10.4) and also in Ovid (Ov.
Ars 2.567-568). This term was also used in description of racial
origin of Ethiopians, as is shown in poem Moretum (App. Verg.
2.4.32-33) and also for example in Elegiae of Propertius (Prop.
4.6.78).
Expression decolor served to describe skin colour of people
from India and Mauretania (SNOWDEN, 1947, 280). Juvenal
used it to describe biracials, mulats and children coming from
black father and white mother in expression decolores heres
(Iuv. 2.6.600). Very similar was term discolor. Last expression
used to describe skin colour is rubens. It's use to describe skin
colour can by found only in Statius as rubentum Aethiopum
(Stat. Theb. 5.427). Vergil uses the same term to describe colour
of boiled crab or crayfish (Verg. G. 4.47-48), which means
bronze or reddish colour. Tribes of blacks with red skin are
known in Africa even today, for example southafrican Himba
people. Question is, if these people could get so far to the Roman
controlled world.
If we track names of high-ranking Roman politicians and
officials in times of the republic, we cannot miss, that fairly
often cognomen or gentilicium in form of latin expression may
try to hint us about colour of one's skin (BROUGHTON 1951;
1952; 1986). This is even more often in times of principate or
dominate, when these terms can be tracked even to pretenders to
Roman throne (for example Gaius Pescenius Niger). It is
tempting to say, that Romans with names such as Afer, Niger,
Nigro, Afranius etc., were black. But the issue of these names is
much more complicated and surely not based only (or at all) on
colour of one's skin. Process of obtaining names was influenced
by many factors – place of origin, achievements, or nicknames
which characterise more one's personality or his ancestry.
Because of lack of more biographical information about these
Roman citizens, we cannot link their names to their skin colour
or ethnicity. Maybe more study of this issue will reveal, whether
these Romans or their ancestors were of black skin colour or not.
4 Blacks in ancient literature
In ancient literature are negative references to black skinned
people fairly common and quite often attribute black skinned
people with same bad properties. It is not something to be
surprised by, in Roman society people's imagination was
penetrated with negative symbolism of black colour, which
could result in bad attitude toward blacks. This attitude could be
changed only in sporadic cases, if there was deeper knowledge
of the individual (THOMPSON, 1989, 92). More negative
association was caused for example by Charon, eternaly gloomy
ferryman to the Underworld, who is often described not only to
have black skin, but also to have negroid characteristics. In the
same way are described other demons of the Underworld,
Eurynomos and Menoites. Cassius Dio tells us in his work about
event, when emperor Domitian scared to death senators and high
society Romans by having a feast in black and dark room and
having them served by black painted boy-slaves, while telling
them stories about torture and murder. Senators were preparing
for the worst, but emperor send them back home with gifts
(Cass. Dio His. Rom. 67.9). Another negative references are
directly stories about black skinned people. For example
superstitious emperor Septimius Severus ordered black soldier
out of his sight during campaign in Brittania, for he feared bad
omen (H. A. Sev. 22.4). Negatively write about blacks, Egyptians
and people with darker skin in general, in their satyrs Juvenal
and Martial. Juvenal counts many bad things in Roman society.
He mentions certain newcomers and not original residents,
among them very often blacks, and is not afraid to criticize them
so harshly to say, that oriental and syrian prostitutes are pushing
Roman out of bussines (Iuv. 1.3.60). He advises Romans to scoff
blacks not only because of ther skin colour, but also because of
their splayfeet (Iuv. 1.2.23). Then he connects one black
Egyptian flute player with cannibalistic religious cults (Iuv.
15.49) and consideres adultery of Roman woman with black man
as abomination, for the husband would have coloured heir (Iuv.
2.6.600). He considers black people, as well as blue eyed and
fair haired Germans as deviations and aberration from normal
appearance (Iuv. 5.13.162-166). More negative perception of
black people comes from north Africa. From late antiquity we
have short, very abusive poem of unknown author:
„faex Garamantarum nostrum processit ad axem
et piceo gaudet corpore verna niger,
quem nisi vox hominem labris emissa sonaret,
terreret visu horrida larva viros.
dira, Harumeta, tuum rapiant sibi Tartara monstrum:
custodem hunc Ditis debet habere domus.“
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(Anth. Lat. 183)
We can find number of positive references too. According to
surviving references we know, that in both lower and higher
circles of Roman Empire could happen, that even citizen with
black skin could reach very good position. Nevertheless, in the
eyes of rich Romans all poor people were equally ugly and skin
colour was not primary distinguishing factor. To the high-
ranking class of „white“ Romans, even rich black person could
arouse some kind of antipathy, primarily due to his looks, for not
meeting the Greco-Roman ideal of kalokagathia.
Many educated Romans had great sympathy towards Ethiopians
and considered them very capable. Lucian of Samosata attributes
them with invention of astrology, which was in turn adopted by
Egyptians
(Luk. Astr. 3.4)
. In Roman Empire blacks were
generaly prized as skilled and strong boxers. Several depictions
of black boxers have survived until modern times, especialy in
form of small sculpture. Very well known are hellenistic statues
of two boxers, today in British Museum, made of terracotta,
which clearly show their negroid features and African origin.
One or black boxers in Rome was man named Nicaeus, whom
we don't know from any sculpture, but Pliny the Elder calls him
one of the most famous boxers of his time (Plin. Nat. 7.12.51).
Black people were probably very praised as athletes. From
Anthologia Latina we know about poem dedicated to famous
charioteer, who is said to have never been defeated. Poem
compares him to famous Memnon, son of Eo, goddes of dawn,
who was killed in Troy by Achilleus. About the charioteer the
poem says, that there never was and never will be any Achilleus
born, who could defeat him. He is Memnon in looks, not in fate
(Anth. Lat. 251).
Name Memnon is also connected to black scholar and protege of
Herodes Atticus. According to Philostratus Atticus mourned over
death of Memnon, as if he was his own son. Also because
Memnon was noble and honorable young man, eager to study
and worthy of being raised in his house (Philostr. Vit. Ap. 3.11).
There even exists a bust, which is presumed to be depiction of
this young man. It clearly shows black man, even though the
sculptor tried to show Romanised looks and refined Roman, full
of proper Roman values. We can say, that at least in some cases
Romans were willing to believe, that black skin doesn't have to
be obstacle in acquiring Roman values and qualities. In theory
every Roman, regardless of skin colour, could show same skills
and virtus as any other citizen.
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„Garamantian filth came to our part of the world and black slave rejoices in his pitch-
coloured body. Terrible ghost, which would scare by appearance, if only sound of his
lips would not give away man. Hadrumeta, let underworld take away this monster: he
should guard house of underwold god.“ Own translation. Term faex is translated very
decently, it's true meaning can be much more stronger, much more vulgar.
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