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JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
dependent corporations and other affiliated institutions in the
particular sector (for example: information technology,
machinery, biotechnologies, financial services) that are
interconnected with common technologies, research, traditions
and workforce. He also emphasizes the importance of clusters in
order to achieve competitiveness national or regional economies.
Potomková and Letková (2011) state that clusters represent tool
to restructure regional economy, increase the region economic
performance and improve its competitiveness. It is due to created
network of suppliers and vendors, information flow,
technologies and innovations forming comparative advantages
for the region in a given sector, respectively the group of sectors
in comparison with other regions. Clusters play an important role
when it comes to small and medium enterprises access to
innovation and research, or joint development at international
markets. (Ko
rdoš, Krajňáková and Karbach, 2016)
The chaining and clustering bring many positive externalities,
for example: (a) attracting and development of related industrial
branches which provide the special outputs and services; (b)
making the supply of specialized labour forces with all
knowledge, skills and know-how what are needed for selected
industrial branch; (c) ideas, knowledge and technological
development spreading between firms and entrepreneurs in
selected industrial branch; (d) the industrial atmosphere making
with amount of formal and informal labour methods, habits,
traditions, social values and specialized institutions which allow
the effective existence of selected industrial branch. (Stejskal,
2009) Grouping corporations into clusters can have a positive
influence on the development of the region where the
corporations are situated and on the growth of competitiveness
of the region.
For the reason that not only individual regions, but also the goals
and ideas of individual clusters are different, the process of
cluster forming, as well as their effective management, is
subjective. (Soósová, 2014)
According to Jemala (2009), the key success factors in cluster
forming are adequate capital structure; well-prepared long-term
business plan, financial plan and budget observing to reality;
qualitative infrastructure, nearness of markets and adequate
demand in the area; support of the government, the region and
the local population; adequate and stable legislation; intensive
entrepreneurial and innovation basis and the existence of a
knowledge supporting basis on a high-level (including
universities and vocational schools); a high-class partnerships
and their relationships, and finally a good management and
controlling of a cluster.
3.1 Identification of potential clusters
In the professional literature, it is possible to identify two basic
approaches to determine cluster mapping either (,top-down‘) or
(,bottom-up‘).
As stated Potomová and Letková (2011), the first approach helps
to identify key sectors, respectively branches that have real
possibly potential competitive advantage usually based upon
quantitative data particularly at the national and regional level.
There is a huge amount of quantitative methods, however their
usage to a certain extent, depends on the database availability.
The most often applied quantitative methods are such as: the
coefficient of localization, shift-share analysis, Gini’s coefficient
of localization, input-output analysis, factor analysis, cluster
analysis and others.
Top-down approach is based on the usage of qualitative methods
independently of available public data and it is realized entirely
at the local, respectively regional level. In contrast with
quantitative methods, qualitative methods are dealing with the
existence of inside processes and relations between particular
corporations of the cluster in a given region. Apart from relations
between inputs and outputs, they also explain other factors such
as sectors cooperation and above-mentioned information flow
(Doeringer and Terkla, 1995). Qualitative methods are such as:
interview with experts, representatives of the particular
corporations, expert statement, case studies, surveys and other.
As stated Zaušková (2010), the coefficient of localization is the
most used quantitative method for cluster identification. It is
simple method, which is suitable for statistical searching of the
local and regional clusters. It is very often used because data
needed for calculation are easily available. Its disadvantage is
the fact that it does not provide deeper view of the mutual
dependence between particular corporations within the sector. In
order to do that, it is necessary to apply other methods for
example: shift-share method. The value of the coefficient of
employment localization expresses how many times the sector
share of employment in the region is higher than the country
average. The value of the localization coefficient of the
particular sector higher than 1.5 proves regional specialization
(Andersen, Bjerre and Hansson, 2006). Other authors state value
1.2, respectively 1.25 (Bergman and Feser, 1999).
Apart from mentioned authors, the coefficient of localization and
the shift-share analysis potential clusters identification are also
used by Havierniková and Strunz (2014), Stejskal (2011),
Litvintseva and Shits (2015), Kovaleva and Baleevskih (2014)
and others.
3.2 Application of the coefficient of localization for potential
cluster identification in the regions of the SR
In order to assess possibilities to establish cluster cooperation in
the regions of the Slovak Republic, we examine the localization
of employment in the particular sectors in the following part by
means of the coefficient of localization.
Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic divides sectors in terms
of SK Nace Rev. 2 classification into sections A-U, as stated in
Table 1.
Table 1: Sector classification in the SR
Section
Title
A
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
B
Mining and quarrying
C
Manufacturing
D
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
E
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and
remediation activities
F
Construction
G
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor
vehicles and motorcycles
H
Transportation and storage
I
Accommodation and food service activities
J
Information and communication
K
Financial and insurance activities
L
Real estate activities
M
Professional, scientific and technical activities
N
Administrative and support service activities
O
Public administration and defence; compulsory
social security
P
Education
Q
Human health and social work activities
R
Arts, entertainment and recreation
S
Other service activities
T
Activities of households as employers;
undifferentiated goods- and services-producing
activities of households for own use
U
Activities of extraterritorial organisations and
bodies
Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic
Industry sector (B-E) takes the biggest share in GNP creation in
the SR. It follows from the results of our analysis that industry
sector is the most represented in the Trenčin Region (TN) as the
coefficient of localization ranges from 1.41 (1995) to 1.5 (2006).
Other regions follow by a relatively large margin. The Bratislava
Region (BA) is the last one where the coefficient of localization
reaches only 0.52 at the end of 2010. The development of the
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