AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
through various forms of influence or pressure on the individual.
This is accomplished in two ways:
1.
prohibiting, discriminating against inappropriate and
unacceptable partners,
2.
preference, prescribing of suitable partners.
The pressure on the individual most often appears as a positive
example, advice, pattern and recommendation. However, if an
individual is not in line with a group identity and diverts from
the expected patterns when choosing a partner, the sanctions will
apply. Their form and intensity vary from defamation,
intimidation, discrimination, economic sanctions (fine, extortion)
to exclusion from the group (excommunication from the church)
or death.
Influencing a desired marital behaviour occurs at different stages
of an individual's life cycle - before choosing a partner
(recommendations, patterns), during his / her choice
(prohibitions, recommending of a suitable partner, granting or
not granting parental consent) and after creating the marriage
(disadvantage of the people of such a marriage including
offsprings who have been born in the relationship). The control
of compliance with social standards is primarily realized by the
family and the wider kindred. The state and the church are the
key institutions with the power to decide on the rules of marriage
forming. They control the marriage institution through
legislation, religious codes, the influence of priests, or local
communities. Other members of the groups from which the
partners come from - local authorities, neighbours, young men
and girls groups, peers and others - also carry out an informal
control.
2.3 "A mixed marriage – an unmixed marriage" as a binary
opposition
The theoretical and empirical study of mixed marriages is in
most cases aimed at perceiving the spatial and cultural-social
distance between the groups, from which the partners come
from, confronting them with matrimonial forms that are not
mixed. The importance of mixed marriages in both traditional
and modern communities, the reasons for their rejection or
acceptance, can therefore be explained by interpreting the binary
opposition itself, "mixed-unmixed". The problem of binary
contrasts was elaborated by the French structuralist C. Lévi-
Strauss (2007), who believed that people's thinking and
behaviours are universal in all societies, as the world is
perceived through binary oppositions. The most basic binary
oppositions are the opposites "nature - culture", " me and the
other person", "sense - rationality", "my society - other
societies", "sacrum - profanum" and others. The logic of binary
opposites, based on this contradiction, reveals the functioning of
a particular group and its relationships with other groups. With
this perspective, "unmixed" and "mixed" marriages can be
perceived as the following counterparts:
marriage with a partner
from the same group
"unmixed marriage"
marriage with a partner
from a different group
"mixed marriage"
accepted/permitted
not accepted/forbidden
normal/ordinary
abnormal/special
customary/traditional/old
unusual/unconventional/new
common/frequent/typical
extraordinary/rare/unusual
conventional/conforming
non-conventional/non-
conforming
dominant/connected with
majority
connected with minority
unconflicting/without
problems
conflicting/problematic
advantageous
disadvantageous
our/we
foreign/different/they
favoured/preferred/supported
unrecognised/stigmatized/
despised
at home/inside
elsewhere/abroad/in
a foreign country/outside
equal/the same/similar
different/unequal
closed
open
tradition
modernity/innovation
The outlined binary oppositions highlight in particular the
disadvantaged position of the mixed marriage, they underline the
existence of barriers between groups and the defence against
their crossing and overcoming. Such model assumes or even
expects a possible conflict within the couple (between partners)
or between the couple and the groups from which the partners
come from, it generally evokes negative connotations in relation
to such marriages. The term "mixphobia" is an expression of a
negative view of "mixing" in partner relationships (Varro 2012:
28).
Mixed marriage can be perceived in this sense as a deviation
from the "normal state". Such partnerships are outside the group
or groups from which the partners come from. They are not
mixed because they are bi-cultural, but because their choice
differs from the standards of marriage partner selection and
group relations prevailing in the society. Mixed partnerships are
a question of diversity and a question of conformity in relation to
social standards. D. Bensimon and F. Lautman call a mixed
marriage one that provokes a reaction in its social environment.
In this sense, mixed marriages are an expression of a particular
deviation in partner selection. They emerge as a specific type of
a marriage, they describe the nature of the deviation, separating
mixed marriages from unmixed ones. Individual communities,
however, are very variable in the assessment, acceptance and
rejection of these "mixed marriages". (Bensimon - Lautman
1974: 30, Collet 2012: 70-71)
The opposite view is represented by the perception of a mixed
partnership as something new, modern, open, and connecting,
and it is ultimately a positive phenomenon. The presence of
mixed marriages and their perception in individual groups or
cultures can be understood in this respect as a state of balance. It
reflects the group's ability to maintain its own values and
standards, to ensure stability and at the same time to tolerate,
innovate and accept something different. This measure is a sign
of a certain balance between openness and closure in relation to
one's own group and other groups and thus a sign of the group's
viability. In accordance with the concept of binary contrasts, the
following oppositions can then be ascribed to a traditional and
closed marriage with a partner from their own group:
marriage with a
partner from the same
group "unmixed
marriage"
marriage with a partner from
a different group "mixed
marriage"
traditional/closed/unable
to communicate
modern/open/innovative/capable
to communicate
group
separation/highlighting
differences
bonding/integration/inclusion
Discourse on the principles of binary oppositions in mixed
marriages is also being developed by the following authors. The
perception of mixed marriages as "white - black" is considered
archetypal. In this context C. Phillipe uses the term "a domino
couple". He explains his view by the effort to grasp and define
cultural differences between the partners as a visible colour
difference (Philippe 1983). The works of N. Karkabi (2011: 79-
97) or M. Oppermann (1999: 251-266), which examine the
cultural conditionality of this phenomenon as a consequence of
tourism development, are also inspiring when studying the
patterns of the creation and functioning of mixed marriages. The
question of relationships or marriages created between partners
(tourists) coming from West European countries and the so-
called Eastern cultures (e.g. Egypt) can then be perceived as the
opposition "West" – "East".
The existence of mixed marriages can therefore be seen as a sign
of shifts in the intensity of adherence to the social boundaries
and, at the same time, as a measure of socio-cultural distance
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