AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
ANALYSIS OF PERSONALITY TRAITS AMONG PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
a
ELENA LISÁ
Faculty of Psychology Paneuropean University, Tomášikova 20,
821 02 Bratislava, Slovakia
email:
a
elena.lisa@paneurouni.com
Abstract: The main aim of the study was to verify relationship of personality traits and
psychological types, based on C.G. Jung's theory and on the five-factor personality
theory. NEO five factor personality inventory and Golden profile of personality were
completed by 291 university students of psychology, mathematics and informatics.
Results of EFA confirmed five factors of personality traits and type preferences.
Comparison of eight psychological types showed expected differences in personality
traits. Results indicated a development potential for TF and SN function preferences
and also showed the importance of introverted/extraverted attitude when speaking
about Jungian psychological types.
Keywords: psychological type; personality trait; extraversion; NEO; GPOP.
1 Introduction
When speaking about psychological types, C. G. Jung
(1921/1990) differentiates them according to attitudes
(extraverted or introverted) and functions (rational and
irrational). There are two kinds of rational (thinking and feeling)
and two kinds of irrational (intuition and sensation) functions in
his theory. Altogether eight psychological types: four extraverted
and four introverted. Besides the theory (Jung 1921/1990) type’s
characteristics are described mainly by empirical resources
(Čakrt, 2010; Dunning, 2001; Dunning, 2010; Quenk, 2002). In
general the theory focuses on a description of extraverted and
introverted types or on a description of normal and neurotic
expression of psychological functions. Thanks to the most
known tool for type’s assessment, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
®MBTI, it is applied in various areas of practice: teaching
(Lawrence, 1982), stress manifestation of healthy population
(Quenk, 2002)
, carrier counselling (Čakrt, 2010; Dunning, 2001;
Dunning, 2010), manage
rial development (Čakrt, 2009), team
development (Benton, 2017) or self-development (Newman,
2016). Jungian psychological types are not validated by cluster
analysis; consequently we cannot understand them in terms of
psychological types identified by cluster analysis. Even though
that theory of psychological types (Jung, 1921/1990) is not
empirically verified by cluster analysis, MBTI questionnaire is
widely spread in personnel area (Hoffman, 2002; Furnham,
2008) especially for purposes of individual and team
development (Bailey, 2017) and it is considered as the most
popular personality assessment in the world. It is used mainly for
development purposes, because types are considered not to be
stable personality characteristics. On the other side, personality
traits of the five factor theory are considered as characteristics
consistent over time and conditioned by temperament,
„dimensions of individual differences in tendencies to show
consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions“(McCrae &
Costa, 2006, s. 25). They are measured by self- or objective
assessment.
Relationship between five-factor personality traits and Jungian
psychological type’s preferences was verified by number of
correlation studies (Furnham, 1996; Furnham, Crump, Batey, &
Chamorro-Premuzic, 2009; Furnham, Dissou, Sloan, &
Chamorro-Premuzic, 2007; Furnham, Moutafi, & Crump, 2003;
Tobacyk, Livingston, & Robbins, 2008). Regarding the
mentioned studies, R. McCrae and P. Costa (2006) also found
out relationship between dimensions of NEO-PI and MBTI
preferences: extraversion & extraversion, openness & intuition,
agreeableness & feeling, and conscientiousness & judging. The
MBTI as the most spread diagnostic tool of Jungian
psychological types (Hoffman, 2002), does not contain
alternative preference to neuroticism dimension. Recently some
other tools do have it. Golden profile of personality GPOP
(Golden, 2005) identifies tense/calm preference in addition.
Besides eight Jungian psychological types, this tool can measure
also stress level of assessed person. J. Golden (2005) compared
GPOP type’s preferences to the five-factor personality traits
(stated in Table 1) and confirmed their overlapping, same did
some other researchers (Kösegiová, 2009; Lisá, Letovancová,
Pavlíková, 2011).
Table 1. Conceptual Overlap of GPOP and NEO scales (Golden,
2005, p. 20)
GPOP scale
Overlapping NEO Scale
Extraverting & Introverting (EI)
Extraversion
Sensing & Intuiting (SN)
Openness to experience
Thinking & Feeling (TF)
Agreeableness
Judging & Perceiving (JP)
Conscientiousness
Tense & Calm (TeC)
Emotional stability
The main aim of this study is to verify relationship of personality
traits and psychological types, based on C.G. Jung's theory and
on the five-factor personality theory. We expect the relationship
between type’s preferences and personality traits. Regarding the
theory and empirical resources we expect differences among
types in the personality traits.
2 Methods
The sample consisted of 291 participants, 33% men and 67 %
women; age range from 18 up to 36 years (AM=22.58;
SD=3.83). University students of psychology, mathematics and
informatics were primary clients of university carrier counselling
project and their research participation was voluntary based. Ten
students could not be described by any psychological type
because of their low difference between extraversion and
introversion preference; hence, they were excluded from the
analysis. Frequencies of the students’ types are described in the
table 2.
Table 2. Frequencies of types in the research sample
Psychological types
N
%
Extraverted feeling types (EF)
16
5,5
Extraverted intuition types (EN)
15
5,2
Extraverted sensation types (ES)
67
23
Extraverted thinking types (ET)
8
2,7
Introverted feeling types (IF)
70
24
Introverted intuition types (IN)
38
13,1
Introverted sensation types (IS)
17
5,8
Introverted thinking types (IT)
50
17,2
Total
281
96,6
Missing
10
3,4
Total
291
100,0
The Golden profile of personality GPOP questionnaire is based
on Jungian theory (Golden, 2005; Lisá, Letovancová, &
Pavlíková, 2011). It comprises of 116 questions with bipolar
scales from 1 to 7 that measure five couples of preferences:
extraverting & introverting (EI), sensing & intuiting (SN),
thinking & feeling (TF), judging & perceiving (JP), tense &
calm (TeC). Four couples of preferences make the global type
(EI, SN, TF, JP). Tense & calm is not included in 4-letters type
shortening, and it is important for feedback. Internal consistency
of preferences in the research group attained average value
α=0.77, within the range from α=0.71 up to α=0.84. GPOP types'
preferences are measured by continuous variable that helps to
measure more precisely varying levels of Jungian attitude and
function preferences (see Arnau, Green, Rosen, Gleaves, &
Melancon, 2003).
NEO the five factor personality inventory NEO-FFI represents a
shortened version of the five factor personality theory
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