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JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
Conscientious
ness
195
,19
188
,78
125
,53
141
,16
111
,68
185
,33
109
,51
200
,35
Table 7. Kruskal Wallis Test (Grouping Variable: eight
psychological types, dependent variable: the NEO-FFI
dimensions)
Neuroti
cism
Extraver
sion
Open
ness
Agreeabl
eness
Conscientio
usness
Chi-
Square
40,50
93,75
16,18
21,68
47,11
df
7
7
7
7
7
Asymp.
Sig.
0,000
0,000
0,024
0,003
0,000
r
0,374
0,574
0,245
0,283
0,412
Pairwise multiple comparisons, nonparametric tests algorithms
(table 8) enabled a detailed view on differences between
psychological types in the NEO traits. We identified the most
statistically significant differences in extraversion, but none in
openness to experience.
Table 8. Pairwise comparisons of types
Test
Statistic
Std.
Error
Std. Test
Statistic
Sig.
Adj. Sig.
Neuroticism
ES-IF
-74,063
13,879
-5,336
0,000
0,000
ES-IN
-78,800
16,491
-4,778
0,000
0,000
Extraversion
IN-ES
107,435
16,487
6,516
0,000
0,000
IN-EF
108,982
24,195
4,504
0,000
0,000
IN-EN
113,263
24,756
4,575
0,000
0,000
IF-ES
104,062
15,172
6,859
0,000
0,000
IF-EF
105,609
23,318
4,529
0,000
0,000
IF-EN
109,890
23,900
4,598
0,000
0,000
IS-ES
89,836
13,875
6,474
0,000
0,000
IS-EF
91,383
22,496
4,062
0,000
0,001
IS-EN
95,664
23,099
4,142
0,000
0,001
Agreeableness
IT-IF
-63,880
15,029
-4,251
0,000
0,001
Conscientiousnes
s
IF-IN
75,815
16,359
4,634
0,000
0,000
IF-EF
79,267
22,497
3,523
0,000
0,012
IF-IS
-90,839
21,952
-4,138
0,000
0,001
IT-IN
-73,649
17,473
-4,215
0,000
0,001
IT-EF
77,101
23,319
3,306
0,001
0,026
IT-IS
-88,673
22,794
-3,890
0,000
0,003
IN, IT and IF reached the lowest score of extraversion. The
highest extraversion score was attained by EN, EF, and ES.
Introverted perceiving types IF and IT reached the lower
conscientiousness level than introverted judging types IN and IS.
However, conscientiousness of extraverted perceiving types EN,
ES was not statistically significantly different from extraverted
judging types (ET, EF). When concerning neuroticism scale, ES
reached the lowest level, and IN and IF the highest level of
neuroticism. ES reached significantly lower score of
neuroticism, compared to the IN and IF. Statistically significant
difference of agreeableness between IT and IF appeared. IT
reached the lower score of agreeableness compared to the IF.
4 Discussion
The research results confirmed study hypotheses. Structure
coefficients of EFA confirmed overlapping of NEO traits and
GPOP preferences the way that J. Golden (2005) stated.
Personality traits correlated with GPOP preferences which
confirmed former research results (Furnham, 1996; Furnham et
al., 2009; Furnham, et al., 2007; Furnham et al., 2003; Tobacyk
et al., 2008; Kösegiová, 2009). As stated by K. Myers, N.
Quenk, and L. Kirby (1995), overlapping of preferences of
Jungian psychological types and dimensions of NEO shows
similarities between characteristics of questionnaires based on
two different theories. However, it does not mean that these
characteristics are the same in the meaning of the dimensions,
interpretation of the results and the application of the constructs.
Identified relationships between extraversion, EI, neuroticism
and TeC are similar as results of other researchers (Furnham,
1996; Furnham et al., 2007; Furnham, et al., 2003; Kösegiová,
2009). This provokes some practical questions: Do have
introverted reflexivity and need for individual consideration of
outer signals same behavioral manifestations as an emotional
lability? Does mean manifestation of extraversion (such as
making new contacts, perceived self-conscious and courage)
emotional stability? Understanding the difference between
introversion and neuroticism seems to be important.
Analysis of differences between types revealed several findings.
Comparison of neuroticism dimension among eight
psychological types showed that IN and IF reached the higher
level of neuroticism than ES. Typically ES type is the most
anchored in reality, while IN and IF are taken to be the most
distant from reality
(Čakrt, 2009; Jung, 1921/1990). Emotional
stability in case of ES confirms following „They excel in areas
in which they are faced with immediate problems or have to deal
with changing situations. They enjoy solving problems and
dealing with crises...“ (Dunning, 2001, p. 36). More detailed
view could bring NEO-PI-R sub-scales where we suppose
difference. Self-consciousness showed the strongest correlation
with EI preference (Furnham, 1996; Furnham et al., 2003).
„Individuals high in self-consciousness are more prone to the
emotion of shame or embarrassment. They are particularly
sensitive to ridicule and teasing, because they often feel inferior
to others“(McCrae & Costa, 2006, p. 48).
Extraverted types attained higher score of extraversion than did
introverted types. The lowest score of extraversion was reached
by IN, about whom we can read that „...the intensification of
intuition often results in an extraordinary aloofness of the
individual from tangible reality; he may even become a complete
enigma to his immediate circle. “ (Jung, 1921/1990, p. 401).
Significantly low extraversion score of IF can explain Jung with
saying „Still waters run deep“ (Jung, 1921/1990, p. 388).
Comparison of openness to experience between types did not
show substantive significant differences. Several authors
(Čakrt,
2010; Dunning, 2001; Dunning 2010) stated that types the most
open to changes are EN, because they need changes for their
lives. C. G. Jung (1921/1990, p. 367) says about EN that „It is
constantly seeking fresh outlets and new possibilities in external
life“. Research findings did not confirmed practical significance
of differences. Possible explanation could be that openness to
experience expresses also other characteristics than only
tendencies to change. In order to confirm a hypothesis that EN
are oriented to change, in future research we would recommend
to select sub-scales of NEO-PI-R, for instance sub-scales fantasy
and idea. These sub-scales correlated with SN in the past
(Furnham, 1996; Furnham et al., 2003). „Openness in Fantasy
refers to a vivid imagination and a tendency to develop elaborate
daydreams“(McCrae & Costa, 2006, p. 49). „Open people are
curious and value knowledge for its own sake. Perhaps because
they are willing to think of different possibilities...“ (McCrae &
Costa, 2006, p. 49).
Although we confirmed overlapping of TF with agreeableness as
in some other studies (Furnham, 1996; Furnham, et al., 2007;
Furnham, et al., 2003; Kösegiová, 2009), comparison of types
did not clearly show agreeableness differences among feeling
and thinking types. Agreeableness dimensions showed
significant differences only between IT and IF types. Jung
(1921/1990, p. 385, 386) described IT as follows „To outsiders
he seems prickly, unapproachable, and arrogant, and sometimes
soured as a result of his antisocial prejudices“. About IF Jung
(1921/1990, p. 389) wrote that „Although there is a constant
readiness for peaceful and harmonious co-existence, strangers
are shown no touch of amiability, no gleam of responsive
warmth, but are met with apparent indifference or a repelling
coldness. “ In former MBTI and NEO-PI-R studies (Furnham,
1996; Furnham, et al., 2003) TF preference correlated the most
with sub-scale of tender-mindedness. „Agreeable people exhibit
Tender-mindedness and sentimentality, and may be an easy
touch for charities and good causes“(McCrae & Costa, 2006, p.
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