AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
STRESS, BURNOUT, AND SELF-CARE AMONG PEDAGOGUES
a
SOŇA LOVAŠOVÁ,
b
VERONIKA VASIĽOVÁ
Department of Social Work, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in
Košice, Faculty of Arts, Moyzesova 9, 040 58 Košice
email:
a
sona.lovasova@upjs.sk,
b
veronika.vasilova91@gmail.com
The paper is published within the frame of grant APVV-14-0921 Self-care as a factor
in coping with negative consequences of the implementation of the helping
professions.
Abstract: The aim of the paper is to point out to the stress and burden that arise from
pedagogical work. The paper defines the possibilities of school social work it is
specifically dedicated to pedagogical staff members as a possible target group of
school social workers. Attention is also given to the negative phenomenon of work -
stress and burnout. Their relationship with pedagogical staff is verified in a research
study. At the end of the paper, the self-care possibilities for pedagogues are presented.
Keywords: Stress. Self-care. Burnout. School social work. Pedagogues. Burden.
1 Stress and Burden
Society expectations from teachers and their profession are high,
especially in the area of education and training of children and
youth. Although the pedagogues have a direct impact on
intellectual state of society, it is a profession that has been
financially starving for a long time. Emphasis on continuous
education and self-development, as well as long-term and regular
contact with people, where pedagogues are expected to be
professional but human too, are the key factors that can be
defined as the burden of the teaching profession (Gulzar et al.
2016).
With the society development, new social problems are
constantly arising. (Nová 2016). All this has an impact on the
educational process and the demands placed on teachers, despite
the fact, that they often exceed their competences and solution
possibilities. Failure to meet these requirements and stress
factors can lead to burnout and contributes to increased level of
stress.
From a historical point of view, the stress was first investigated
from a biological point of view. Cannon and Selye are considerd
to be the authors of the first theories of stress (Evans et al. 2012).
Cannon is the author of the physiological theory, which is based
on the principle of Sympathetic-Adrenal medullary (SAM)
system - stress is seen as a particular alarm reaction of the
organism in terms of attack-escape.
Selye (1978) considered stress to be the general reaction of the
organism to the demands that are placed on it, a condition that
manifests by a specific syndrome based on all nonspecifically
induced changes in the organism. His first theories have evoked
a great interest in the scientific world and, of course,
contradictory opinions.
Psychological stress models developed themselves
independently from biological models and are focused on the
impact of psychological factors to the response to stress. The
best known of these models is the transactional model developed
by Lazarus and his colleagues (Lazarus, Folkman, 1987).
According to this model, stress results from the interaction
between man and the environment. Stress does not rise merely
from the occurrence of some events, it is related to the cognitive
evaluation of the event and the coping strategy that is used to
solve the event and which also affects the level of stress
experience (Evans et al. 2012).
Currently, the literature provides various definitions of stress as
such. It is important however, to look at man as a bio-psycho-
social-spiritual being in the characterization of this term. If we
perceive an individual in the context of an ecological
perspective, the stress definition should also focus on the
external environment, which threatens the individual. From this
point of view, stress can be characterized as a specific example
of burden. That is the burden case, which exceeds the rate of
adaptation possibilities of the individual (Paulík 2010).
Lazarus and Folkmanová (1984) characterize the stress as a
result of an imbalance between the requirements placed upon the
individual and his ability to cope with these requirements.
It is possible to distinguish five basic stressful situations which
threaten an individual, in general:
1.
inappropriate tasks and requirements - are the most common
type of stressful situations that usually cause a mental stress
and puts qualitatively more claims on the individual, whose
extent is not possible to handle in a given period of time,
2.
problem situations – the type of burden that binds to the
structure of the conditions that are imposed on the
individual,
3.
frustrating situations – the type of psychological burden
when the individual is not able to achieve the goal or to
satisfy his or her needs,
4.
conflict situations – the type of stressful situation when there
is a contradiction of forces and this causes emotional
preassure in decision making and increased tension,
5.
stressful situations – the psychological burden that affects
the individual during the realization of the target activity,
which makes it difficult to progress (Kredátus 2010).
In general, teacher stress can be defined as the long-term effect
of neggative emotions resulting from the work itself, which may
affect the effectiveness of the teacher's work and his
inappropriate treatment of students. The results of so-called
"teacher stress" are serious because they can lead to low
efficiency at work, frequent absences or low satisfaction with
their work, which can cause burnout or depression. (Klassen
2010)
Researchers have been engaged for a long time with the issue of
stress and its level, and different target groups have been
investigated, among other students of helping professions
(Cohen, Kamarck, Mermelstein 1983; Lesage,
Berjot, Deschamps 2015; Palekar, Mokashi 2014; Rajkumar,
Nehra, Arya 2014; Jacob et al. 2012) and the workers of helping
professions (Lesage, Berjot, Deschamps 2015; Stauner, Konkoly
2006; Ting, Jacobson a Sanders 2011; Waszkowska, Andysz,
Merecz 2014).
2 Burn-out
The burnout syndrome is caused by chronic stress. While stress
is the cause, burnout is a consequence. It is caused by a long-
term imbalance between the burden and the idle phase, between
activity and rest. According to Stock (2010), three major
symptoms are included within the burnout syndrome:
1.
Exhaustion. The individual feels emotionally and physically
exhausted. He/she experiences feelings that are associated
with depression. In particular, it is helplessness, sadness,
hopelessness, feeling of emptiness, fear, loss of self-control.
Physical exhaustion is associated with a lack of energy,
sleep and memory disturbances, muscle tension, pain.
2.
Alienation. This symptom is characterized by the fact that
man has an indifferent attitude to his work and
surroundings. There is not only an alienation towards
colleagues and employer, but also to the working climate,
the internal resignation and passivity of workers arises.
Work enthusiasm starts to disappear and cynicism occurs,
where clients are seen as a burden and colleagues as a
source of threat. Alienation can escalate to aggressive
behavior toward one's own surroundings.
3.
Performance decrease. There is a loss of confidence in own
abilities and the individual is deemed incompetent. This is a
subjective assessment, but it significantly decreases the
- 123 -