AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
SELF-CARE AND COMPASSION FATIGUE IN THE HELPING PROFESSIONS
a
SOŇA LOVAŠOVÁ,
b
BEÁTA RÁCZOVÁ
Department of Social Work, Department of Psychology, Pavol
Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Faculty of Arts, Moyzesova 9,
040 58 Košice
email:
a
sona.lovasova@upjs.sk,
b
beata.raczova@gmail.com
The paper is published within the frame of grant APVV-14-0921 Self-care as a factor
in coping with negative consequences of the implementation of the helping
professions.
Abstract: The paper deals with the self-care in helping professions – more specifically
social workers and police offers. It verifies the connection between self-care and
compassion fatigue on a research sample of 104 respondents. It was discovered, that
the more exhaustion and compassion fatigue employees feel, the more they are
interested to seek appropriate self-care. Their attention is primarily directed to the field
of personal growth and development in their profession.
Keywords: Self-care, compassion fatigue, police offers, social workers.
1 Self-Care
Self-care involves a wide range of activities that contribute to
mitigate the workload of helping professions, support the better
execution of the profession and eliminate the negative
phenomena occurrence rate.
The concept of self-care can be divided into the terms of "self"
and "care" from a linguistic point of view. The "self" describes
the basic characteristics of a person who has the consciousness,
it is capable of acting as well as taking the responsibility for its
own actions (Halmo 2014).
For a long time, the health-care represented a main area of self-
care. It has been investigated in relation to various diseases and
disorders, in this context. Many studies have dealt with self-care
eg. in connection to patients with diabetes, where it has been
repeatedly confirmed that self-care helps these patients to
achieve higher metabolic control (Toljamo, Hentinen 2001;
Shrivastava, Ramasamy, Shrivastava 2013; Raaijmakers,
Martens, Bagchus, de Weerdt, de Vries, Kremers 2015). Another
research area is represented by the patients with cardiovascular
problems, where self-care, self-efficacy and self-management
has repeatedly proved to be very effective (Vellone, Riegel,
Cocchieri, Barbaranelli, D'Agostino, Antonetti, Glaser, Alvaro
2013; Marti, Georgiopoulou, Giamouzis, Cole, Deka, Tang,
Dunbar, Smith, Kalogeropoulos, Butler 2013). It is similar for
the patients with certain types of cancer (Brown, Cheville,
Tchou, Harris, Schmitz 2014; Gaston-Johansson, Fall-Dickson,
Nanda, Sarenmalm, Browall, Goldstein 2013; Berry, Hong,
Halpenny, Partridge, Fann, Wolpin , Lober, Bush, Parvathaneni,
Back, Amtmann, Ford 2014).
In fact, self-care includes other mental health and well-being
activities that are important while performing helping
professions. The self-care is well described by Orem (1997), she
describes it as a conscious human behavior and activities that
individuals perform in order to preserve the life and well-being
as well as the health.
Although the present health-care still represents one of the most
important domains of this issue, it is complemented by
additional components, for example psychological (Rehwaldt et
al., 2009) and spiritual (Ellis, 2000). From the social work
perspective, 4 components are the most often distinguished in
terms of the activities carried out: physical, psychological,
social, spiritual (Figley 2002; Newell, Nelson-Gardell, 2014;
Moore et al., 2011; Aguilar, 1997).
2 From the history to the present of social-care
Self-care is not a new topic, in the past people used to be
concerned with the thoughts of caring for themselves, as
evidenced by works by well-known philosophers who have
dedicated themselves to this subject. They mainly focused on the
issue of self-knowledge in relation to human abilities,
possibilities and limits, self-control and a responsibility in
behavior and actions.
Xenophones Socrates attributed to man, apart from the body, the
soul. According to him, it is not enough to care only for the
body, but for the soul too, which has been called the greatest gift
of man by Socrates. Without soul, there could not be neither
thinking nor self-consciousness "myself" (Wollner 2010a).
Xenophon (1972) in his book Memories of Socrates points to the
inscription of "Know thyself" in Delphi on the basis of which
Socrates developed his ideas about self-knowledge. People
thought they would know themselves, but Socrates thought that
until they knew their abilities, they did not know themselves.
And they will know their own abilities only after they acquire
more of the self-knowledge.
Dorion (2006) states that according to Socrates, self-knowledge
means to recognize one's own limits and what one is actually
capable to do or not to do on his own. Socrates further says that
whoever is lacking in self-knowledge and who is not able to
estimate his or her potential, has trouble contacting people, does
not know who to associate with, makes mistakes, and ultimately
falls into misery.
Plato, like Xenophon, deals with the problem of self-knowledge
in his work Gorgias. Wollner (2010b) is understanding the self-
care as based on the fact, that self-knowledge and self-control in
Plato's Gorgias work are making the two components of self-
care. According to Sokrates, the dialog with another person
should contribute to self-understanding. It helps to understand
the own inner world, but also to explore oneself, which should
lead to self-knowledge. Its goal is to form not only the opinions
but also the personality in order to do good. Self-knowledge is
not only about knowing of what we are, but also how we should
be.
The care of yourself from a medical point of view is often meant
as self-care, but it also includes mental health care (mental
health). As it is apparent from the history of self-care, such a
complex psychological and medical care of themselves should
be a natural part of life of every human being. It plays an
important role in helping professions because helping
professionals are in systematic contact with the client.
The view of social work is also linked with the self-care deficit
theory. The emphasis is also placed on supporting the
independence of clients in solving their problems (Lovaš 2014).
Insufficient attention paid to care for ourselves and our needs
can lead to burnout syndrome. Professional approach at work
and respecting boundaries when working with the clients
facilitates carrying out the work, thus enables the social workers
personal and professional self-care and serves as the prevention
of negative phenomena at work.
Each individual has the need for self-care and this need can only
be fulfilled by carrying out self-care activities that are individual
and different for each. The differences relate to the culture of an
individual, internal and external factors, or individual personality
characteristics that encourage self-care, while the amount of
necessary self-care is crucial. (Orem 2001).
The area of self-care involves a large number of activities and it
is therefore difficult to define them all. Generally, however, it
contains activities that are designed to cope with different forms
of stress. Due to the nature of work of the helping professionals,
which involves day-to-day contact with clients, usually living
under difficult life situations, it is possible to include helping
professions to the risky occupations (Lichner 2016). With this in
mind, self-care has an important place, while carrying out these
professions.
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