AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
Self-care is not a natural to man, it is not an integral part of life,
but it is an activity performed from the individual's own
initiative. It represents the body's response to the identified
needs, ergo it is not congenital but it is the result of learning,
self-care is the goal-oriented. (Orem 1991). To be initiative
means to be active. People dependent on their surroundings react
only to stimuli coming from the outside environment, i.e. they
are only controlled by external conditions and do not react
consciously to their own internal stimuli on their own initiative,
they also do not have to feel responsible for their actions. While
active people are influenced by the external environment, they
react consciously to their internal stimuli (proactive orientation),
the reaction is their own choice. They take their own initiative
and are taking responsibility for the fact that things will happen
in a certain way and in specified direction (Frank 2015).
Lovaš (2014) further describes that self-care activities are
consciously regulated, meaning that they are self-regulation
based. Self-regulation is seen as a tool to achieve own goals
based on preferred interests, it allows the individuals to decide
for themselves and to manage their actions in desirable way.
Thus, self-regulation forms a basis for self-care in order to
regulate and adapt own actions and behavior to the needs and
interests. Hartl and Hartl (2010, p. 56) describe the conscious
self-regulation of human psychological activity as "one of the
basic abilities of man to manage his actions and to consciously
strive to achieve the stated goal". Psychological regulation runs
continuously throughout the whole life, its essence is to create
the optimum consistency between man and the environment in
which he can be found at that moment. This consistency results
in homeostasis (a state of psychic balance), which allows a
person to flexibly change his behavior in relation to internal as
well as external stimuli (Szarková 2009).
Self-regulation is closely associated with self-control. Regarding
the self-control, two self-regulation approaches could be
discussed. In one direction, the key role belongs to goal-
orientation, in second, broader view of self-regulation, the self-
control has a dominant role, and in this view self-control is
understood as part of self-regulation in terms of "ability to
change internal processes and behavior in accordance with the
superior goals and requirements of the situation " (Lovaš 2011,
p. 16). Hartl and Hartl (2010) describe the self-control as self-
management, which means general management, management of
self, of own behavior and actions, suppression of impulse
activities and instincts based on previous experience with the use
of reason and will, and it is the activity acquired via social
learning. The problem of self-control is the loss of the control
over yourself due to impulsivity, such action has unpleasant
consequences that the individuals would like to avoid (Paulík
2010).
Hricová and Lovaš (2015) in their research created a model
focused on identifying the differences in care of the
psychological and physical well-being in terms of proactive
orientation (self-regulation) and self-control. Proactive
orientation (self-regulation) with a focus on the future are
oriented on healthy lifestyle (physical well-being) and
personality growth and development (psychological well-being).
Self-control, understood as avoiding negative phenomena and
factors, focuses on health control in the sense of avoiding the
risk to health (physical well-being) and controlling emotions,
such negative emotions and suppressing negative emotional
states (psychological well-being). The model also serves to
measure the degree of physical and psychological well-being,
resp. the level of proactive goal-orientation and the self-control
orientation in the area of health care.
3 Self-care and compassion fatigue
Experts in helping professions enter the practice with the inner
conviction that they can contribute to a positive change in their
clients' lives. They expect that their work will fulfill them and
that is usually the time, when problem arises. Job requirements
and the often slow progress with clients in work may instead
lead to compassion fatigue. The compassion fatigue was first
discovered in connection to the burnout among nurses. It
represents a cumulative process due to the constant and intense
contact with the client. It starts with some discomfort in
compassion, continues as fatigue from stress, and ends with
complete exhaustion. At this point, the ability to cope with
excessive strain and return to the original condition is already
impaired. (Berry 2012)
Self-care can act as a factor in eliminating the negative impact of
the consequences of helping professions, ev. negative
phenomena at work as such. Several studies confirm a real link
between the self-care activities and negative phenomena at work.
Figley (2002) in his study examined the syndrome of
compassion fatigue among the psychotherapists who work with
chronic disease. He found that they tend to overlook their own
needs in the area of self-care as they focus on the needs of
clients. The author describes compassion fatigue through a
multifactorial model, which emphasizes the value of care,
empathy and emotional investment to help with suffering. This
model suggests that the ability to limit the stress from
compassion and addressing the traumatic memories along with
efficient caseload management, are effective ways to avoid the
compassion fatigue. The model also indicates, that reducing the
stress from compassion, psychotherapists with chronic
symptoms need to develop methods to increase their satisfaction
and learn to emotionally and physically break away from work,
thus increasing their competence in self-care, in order to achieve
recovery.
4 Research
Methodology
The questionnaire battery consisted of two standardized
questionnaires - Self-regulation in self-care and Compassion
fatigue (ProQOL).
The questionnaire Self-regulation in self-care (SRSC) was
created in 2014 by Lovaš. It consists of 32 items in total,
constructed to detect self-regulation and self-control in the field
of physical and mental self-care. In our research, via the analysis
of the research file we have reached the reliability of this
questionnaire of 0.88. The questionnaire items are divided into 4
factors - self-regulation in the field of personal growth and
development (13, 14, 17, 6, 20, 12, 16, 5, 19, 3, 4, 18, 11, 10) the
reliability in this factor was 0.84; self-regulation in favor of a
healthy lifestyle (32, 25, 30, 22, 23, 29, 24, 26, 27) reliability
was 0,89; emotional control - control of emotions (31, 7, 15, 21)
reliability was 0,70 and physical control - health control (2, 8,
28, 9, 1) with reliability of 0,66. A 5-point Likert scale without
verbal anchors was used for answers, with the intensity of the
self-care activity stepping up with a higher number of the answer
(1 = not at all - 5 = very much). (Lovaš 2014)
The second questionnaire is part of ProQOL (Professional
Quality of Life), which consists of a battery of three
questionnaires – - Job Satisfaction, Burnout Syndrome, and
Compassion Fatigue scales, that examine the overall professional
quality of life. For research purposes, only one of its parts -
Compassion Fatigue scale (CFS) - was used. The author of the
questionnaire is B. Hudnall Stamm. The questionnaire consists
of 30 items that are dealing with an emotional side of helping. It
approximates the extent to which the workers in helping
professions are affected by the compassion of those they help.
Ten items of the questionnaire reached reverse score (items 2, 5,
7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 23, 25 a 28); for correct data analysis, the
polarity of these items was reversed. Respondents were given the
opportunity to respond to individual questionnaire items via a 5-
point frequency scale with following verbal anchors (1 = never,
2 = rarely, 3 = sometimes, 4 = often, 5 = very often). The
questionnaire reliability was 0.70. (Stamm 2010)
Research sample
The research sample consisted of workers in the social sphere (n
= 53) and police officers (policemen of PZ SR) from (n = 51).
Sampling was intentional. A total of 120 participants were
interviewed (N = 120, of which workers in the social sphere n =
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