AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
COMPETENCE APPROACHES: REVIEW OF CURRENT CONCEPTS AND THEORIES
a
LUKÁŠ VRANIAK,
b
LUKÁŠ MAZÁNEK,
c
ZDEŇKA KONEČNÁ
Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Business and
Management, Department of Management, Kolejní 2906/4,
61200 Brno , Czech Republic
email:
a
lukas.vraniak@vutbr.cz,
b
mazanek@fbm.vutbr.cz,
c
konecna@fbm.vutbr.cz
Project: Identification of leadership competencies which support their successful work
in the international environment. Reg. No. FP-J-17-4284.
Abstract: Purpose of the article: Purpose of the article is to provide an overview of the
original ideas and theoretical approaches in the field of competence approach of
project managers. Methodology/methods: A comprehensive review of the most cited
scientific literature and articles published predominately in past ten years in personnel
oriented journals was carried out. Scientific aim: The contribution is the identification
of the different understanding of competence and competency definitions and
competence based approaches (Management by Competencies, Competence models)
to obtain holistic view and the ability to perceive competences/competencies as an
important part of project management in all its contexts. Findings: There had been
identified differences in perception of competence and competency. Next up
competencies were classified and application of competency model in work of project
managers thanks to management by competencies had been introduced. Conclusions:
The paper provides better understanding of the topic and are subsequently a basis for
processing research in the current state of managerial competencies in Czech
companies with project passed organizational structure.
Keywords: competence, competency, management by competencies, model of
competencies, project management, competency models
1 Introduction
Drawing on the theoretical insights from the resource-based
view of strategic management, Lado and Wilson, 1994 in their
article explored the potential of human resource systems to
facilitate or inhibit the development and utilization of
organizational competencies. (Lado and Wilson, 1994). Human
capital competencies, understood as those talents, skills and
capabilities that contribute to multi-factor productivity gains, are
perceived as a key element for sustainable economic growth and
development in the globalize economy (García-Aracil and
Velden, 2008).
The identification of a competency profile for superior project
managers could therefore form an important step in the
development of improved HRM approaches in the industry,
especially given the key importance in managing people at the
operational level (Cheng et al., 2005). Successful organizations
rely on their employees acquiring a range of core competencies
(Brophy and Kiely, 2002).
Since the recognition of projects as the major business endeavors
for executing new business opportunities in a rapid changing
market environments (Brady and Davies, 2004 and Söderlund
and Tell, 2011), the evolution of project management in theory
and practice has placed the project manager and his/her
competencies at the center of a project's, and an organization's,
success (Loufrani-Fedida and Missonier, 2015). From the
incessant project failures, project delay and cost overrun to
extreme difficulty in agreeing on what constitute project success
and project management success, project management practice is
more challenging in the 21st century than previously propounded
(Alotaibi and Mafimisebi, 2016). Faced with this problem, both
the demand for project managers and the interest in project
management competencies have increased (Bredillet et al.,
2015).
2 Competency vs. competence
There is no one broadly accepted approach toward the terms of
competency and competence in the reviewed publications and
each author define these two expressions with their own
definitions.
Even many people consider the competency and competence as
the same, the researchers differ these two words with different
explanations, argue that competence and competency models
have been used in three different areas: recruitment, skill
assessment and development (Rowe, 1995). Definitions’
overview of 6 most cited authors is shown in following table.
Table 1. Competency/competence definitions
Author/s
(publ. year)
Competence
Competency
Woodruffe
(1993)
Is what a person brings to
the job
Is a set of behavior
patterns that the
incumbent needs to
bring to a position to
perform its tasks
and functions with
competence
McConnell
(2001)
Individual's capacity to
perform job
responsibilities.
Focuses on an
individual's actual
performance in a
particular situation.
Teodorescu
(2006)
The state or quality of
being adequately or well
qualified; ability. A
specific range of skill,
knowledge, or ability
The quality of being
adequately or well
qualified physically
and intellectually
Hroník et al.,
(2008)
Expertise - knowledge
and skills necessary for
the performance of
eligible roles, which are
also referred to as a hard
skill. They may be
referred to as the
minimum qualification
requirements and are
derived from a specific
post.
Soft skills that are
necessary for
successful job
performance. It is
the ability to behave
in a manner that
results in achieving
the objectives.
Khan and
Ramachandran
(2010)
It could be the ability to
make satisfactory and
effective decisions or to
perform a skill in a
specific setting or
situation. It includes
metacognition, because
competent individuals are
assumed to reflect upon
their knowledge, skills
and functioning
The habitual and
judicious use of
communication,
knowledge,
technical skills,
clinical reasoning,
emotions, values,
and reflection in
daily practice for the
benefit of the
individual and
community being
served
Leung et al.
(2016)
Competence is a
combination of the
complex attributes of
knowledge, skills, and
attitudes; with the ability
to make professional
judgement and to perform
intelligently in specific
situations.
Is described as an
underlying
characteristic of
performance; it is
multifaceted and
difficult to measure
Source: self-processed, 2017.
To compare the meanings authors in their definitions perceive
the competency as mostly knowledge, skills, mindsets, thought
patterns, and the like used whether singularly or in various
combinations, result in successful performance and on the other
side the competence is a function of worthy performance, which
is a function of the ratio of valuable accomplishments to costly
behavior. (Teodorescu, 2006) Broadly speaking, competence
reflects a person's cognitive approach to a task, encompassing
the multiple attributes of knowledge, skills and attitudes whereas
competency highlights a person's ability to perform those tasks
within the defined context of professional practice (Leung et al.,
2016).
Moreover Raines (2010) argues that competencies are
characteristics that drive performance in a given job, role, or
function with self-reflection is an integral process to recognizing
and assuring competency (Raines, 2010). Maintaining and
improving competence and competency is challenging, their
retention depends to a great extent on continued use and
familiarity with the subject matter - moreover, research reveals a
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