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JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
distinction between the retention of knowledge and skills
(McConnell, 2001).
3 Classification of competencies
There exist some differences in perspective on how
competencies should be categorized. Sparrow and Hiltrop (1994)
suggest that competencies fall into three categories: behavioral,
managerial, and core. Heijke et al. (2002) distinguish three
groups of competencies: those acquired in school, which are of
direct use in later work; those acquired in school, which facilitate
acquisition of new competencies after graduation from school;
and those acquired mainly in a working context. A well-known
classification of competencies is Becker’s distinction between
general and firm-specific competencies, which Nordhaug (1993)
refined and extended by distinguishing between competencies
specific to firms (firm-specificity), tasks (task-specificity), and
economic sectors (industry-specificity)(García-Aracil and
Velden, 2008).
Kuijpers (2000) adopts an even broader perspective and
proposes a typology of competencies which consists of three
levels:
1.
General working competencies, which she defines as
competencies required for different working situations and
at different time periods.
2.
Learning competencies, which consist of a bundle of
competencies which facilitate the development of working
competencies.
3.
Career related competencies, which are defined to manage
working and learning competencies within a personal career path.
Various dimensions of the measurement debate are articulated in
the literature: specifically, the lack of a universal model of
competence and a universal understanding of the phenomena of
competence. Many contributions have sought to present
classifications or typologies of competency, moreover specific
measurement and classification issues emerge (García-Aracil
and Velden, 2008).
4 Competency models
In today’s competitive and constantly changing business
environment, competency models may be able to help
professionals improve the skills set and efficiency level of their
workforce to match changing market trends, in order to face
competitive business challenges (Gangani et al., 2008). A
competency model refers to a group of competencies required in
a particular job (according Bozkrut (2011) it is usually 7-9
competencies) depending upon the nature and complexity of
work along with the culture and values of the organization in
which the work takes place, which can be developing for specific
jobs, job groups, organizations, occupations or industries
(Bozkurt, 2011). The competency model is useful to identify
capabilities and attributes needed to meet current and future
staffing needs of managers, and to its development efforts to
eliminate the gap between capabilities needed and those
available, moreover it would enable managers to perform more
effectively, and lead to develop the dimensions of effective
management and leadership behavior (Wu and Lee, 2007).
Hogan and Kaiser (2005) we review the concept of
competency—the usual outcome of the learning process—and
show how all competency models can be organized in terms of a
hierarchical domain model:
Table 2: The Domain Model of Competencies
Domain
Definition of competencies
Intrapersonal
Internalized standards of performance; able
to control emotions and behavior (courage
and willingness to take a stand; career
ambition and perseverance; integrity,
ethics, and values; core self-esteem and
emotional stability; patience; tolerance of
ambiguity)
Interpersonal
Social skill role-taking and role-playing
ability; talent for building and maintaining
relationships (political savoir faire, peer
and boss relations, self-presentation and
impression management, listening and
negotiating, oral and written
communications, customer focus,
approachability)
Business
Abilities and technical knowledge needed
to plan, budget, coordinate, and monitor
organizational activity (business acumen,
quality decision making, intellectual
horsepower, functional/technical skills,
organizing ability, priority setting,
developing effective business strategy)
Leadership
Influence and team-building skills
(providing direction, support, and standards
for accomplishment; communicating a
compelling vision; caring about,
developing, and challenging direct reports;
hiring and staffing strategically; motivating
others; building effective teams; managing
diversity)
Source: Hogan and Warrenfeltz (2003)
In brief, this model identifies four broad classes of managerial
competencies with 3 main properties: developmental
(Intrapersonal skills develop first leadership skills as last);
hierarchy of increasing trainability (intrapersonal skills are hard to
train and leadership skills easiest to train); model is comprehensive
(every existing competency model can be organized in terms of
these four domains) (Hogan and Kaiser, 2005).
5 Competencies of project managers
Project management is a complex process targeting multiple
outcomes and project management competency is just as complex,
requiring the acquisition of a variety of knowledge and skill sets
that often cross areas of expertise, including instructional
technology, management, information technology, engineering,
and manufacturing (Brill et al., 2006). Project from the definition
has specific objective to be completed within certain specification;
has a start and end dates; has funding limits; consume human and
nonhuman resources and it is multifunctional process, what defines
the project management as 5 process groups within the project:
initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and control, closure.
Brill at al. (2006) identified 10 top competencies with influence on
the project success:
Table 3: Top 10 competencies of project manager needed
Rank
Category
Competence
1
Context
Knowledge
know the goals of the
project
2
Context
Knowledge
know the scope of project
3
Problem-solving
Expertise
conduct business ethically
4
Context
Knowledge
know the mission of the
project
5
Context
Knowledge
know how project success is
measured
6
Communication
Expertise
listen effectively
7
Leadership
Expertise
share credit for successes
8
Context
Knowledge
know the available
resources (funds,
equipment, people, and the
like)
9
Communication
Expertise
have strong verbal
communication skills
10
Problem-solving
Expertise
be able to recognize a
problem
Source: (Brill et al., 2006)
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