AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
FINANCIAL DECISIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FINANCING OF CZECH COMPANIES IN AN
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
a
LUCIE MEIXNEROVÁ
The Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice,
Okružní 517/10, 370 01, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
email:
a
luciemeixnerova@seznam.cz
Abstract: This paper deals with the evaluation of financial and non-financial indicators
of small and medium-sized Czech companies with international activities using
mathematical and statistical methods. The bases of interaction are the non-financial
indicators of the international environment: international accounting standards and
Czech accounting standards. Financial ratios are selected: ratio indicators, equity and
foreign capital, venture capital and profit. By analyzing the data, the information is the
key to the financial decision making on the type of financing. Conclusions of our own
research confirm that Czech companies use universally known forms of financing, e.g.
own capital. The use of czech venture capital lags behind other European countries is
very slow moving to a real improvement.
Keywords: Small and medium-sized companies, financial indicators, non-financial
indicators, financing, own sources, foreign sources, venture capital.
1 Introduction
At present, the international business environment is marked by
big changes. There has been a significant shift of thought about
the rating of the company from traditional indexes towards
market value. If the company wants to successfully develop, it
must monitor and continually assess the ability of management
having a direct impact on company performance (Pavelková et al.,
2012). It is appropriate to compare the results of the financial
performance evaluation not only in the context of its development
in time, but also for example according to CZ-NACE
categorization codes, as the field of activity has an impact on
financial and economic performance of firms (Santis et al., 2016).
It is appropriate to examine the company performance evaluation
also from the perspective of the categorization of business
entities. From the perspective of business economics, we divide
companies to small, medium and large companies. The term
‘companyʼ is absent from accounting, this term is replaced by the
term ‘accounting unitʼ. The categorization of an accounting unit is
based on the European Union directive and its categorization
(micro, small, medium and large accounting unit) is dependent on
the implementation of the directive in the particular country. In
accordance with the rules of the European Union
(Recommendation 2003/361/EC, 2003), an enterprise is
considered medium-sized if the number of employees does not
exceed 250, the annual turnover EUR50 million and the annual
balance sheet total EUR43 million, the classification limits for a
small and micro enterprise are lower. The specifics of small and
medium-sized entrepreneurship in the current market environment
are analyzed by e.g. Mikušová (2013). Regular economic analysis
in connection with financial decisions and the management of the
company has become a common tool for businesses, which can
speedily draw attention to emerging problems in specific areas of
business, particularly in problems in the financial management of
the company, whose eventual failure by the stakeholders and the
shareholder may have a negative impact on both the profit and the
future development of the company (Elliot et al., 2011). A
positive relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and
business performance was found out by studies Darko et al.
(2016), Mugomo et al. (2016), Pomar et al. (2016) investigated,
among other things, the influence of the company size, the subject
of business and financing in the context of return on investment.
The increasing share of international activities also influences the
way the company finances itself. It is necessary to address the
interrelationships of financial and non-financial indicators that are
underlying information of the company's decision about the form
of financing. The need for financing of businesses is caused both
by the need to set up in business and in every period of business
development. Each business entity must calculate the necessary
amount of funds. Significant area of decisions is the source of
financing of business activities, including investment decisions
that affect the financial management in the context of funding
sources. If a company has insufficient of its own funding sources
or its resources are exhausted, than the enterprise is forced to
obtain additional resources from the available forms of financing,
most often foreign capital. Deciding on the structure of funding
sources is one of the most important decisions of the enterprise
and translates into cost of capital, reduction or increase of prices
and margins, profitability indicators and the creation of resources
for other business activities etc. It is necessary to emphasized that
not all sources of funding of the SMEs may be used and are
available to them. This limitation is due to: legislative changes in
individual countries, the provisions of the Accounting Act and
other regulations or simply unavailable, which can be used by, for
example, only large listed companies, such as stock exchange (a
bond issue and shares). In addition to the well-known forms of
financing there is a growing importance in a riskier form of
finance which is known as venture capital in the Czech Republic
(Pomykalski, 2014; Sato, 2013; Příhodová et al., 2013).
The aim of the article is selected to use mathematical and
statistical methods to analyze selected financial and non-financial
aspects in relation to the form of financing small and medium
Czech enterprises with international activities. Own research is
focused on SMEs, which are forced to considerably streamline
business processes, carefully manage risks and deliberately assess
resources and funding methods in the context of international
activities. Business activities are also influenced by international
accounting harmonization. The need to maintain accounting
records and prepare financial statements is caused by legislation,
the requirements of the international environment and business
partners. Selected financial indicators are profit, private and
foreign capital and ratio indicators. Non-financial indicators are
international accounting harmonization and Czech accounting
standards.
1.1 Theoretical Framework
The choice of capital structure influences not only the degree of
indebtedness, but also the amount of profit or the measure of
operating leverage. When searching for the optimum resources to
finance assets it is appropriate to respect the golden rule of
balance sheet financing, which means that fixed assets are
financed by long-term funds (own capital) and long-term foreign
capital and current assets are financed by short-term resources.
Dittmar (2004) found (who observed the financing structure of
selected enterprises) that the ratio of representation of own and
foreign sources depends on the subject and nature of the business
activities of the analyzed subject. Businesses with growth
potential choose a lower leverage ratio. Using debt financing is
too conservative and the quantity of stable and profitable
enterprises is very low (Strebulaev, 2007). Titman et al. (1988)
stated that the determinants influencing capital structure include
the collateral value of property, the tax shield, company growth,
industry classification, size and profitability. Wald (1999)
analyzed in detail the impact of corporate characteristics on
capital structure. His results show that institutions are also
important determinants of capital structure. Abora et al. (2009)
conducted examined of the factors influencing the components of
capital for small and medium-sized enterprises. Molinari et al.
(2016) analyzed the mutual influence of the financial structure,
liquidity and expansion of businesses in Italy, Khidmat et al.
(2014) analyzed the influence of liquidity and solvency on
profitability. The cost of capital comprises two components, the
cost of external (debt) and equity. Modigliani et al. (1958)
Analyzed in detail of the average total cost of capital. Aliyev-Ada
et al. (2015) investigated the effect of interest rates on financing.
Large enterprises have a higher debt ratio than smaller firms. The
fact that the capital structure also affects the phase of the
economic cycle, is confirmed by the conclusions of Rodriguez-
Masseur (2016).
Many studies on the sources and methods of funding exist in
theory and practice. The conclusions of each of the searches are
very similar and indicate that the measures adopted thus far for
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