AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
data set about the economic freedom and data set of selected
indicators that limit economic freedom of various economic
entities in a significant way.
The selection of the economic freedom indicator is based on the
results of previous analysis of their comparability. As there are
not statistically relevant differences, we do not expect
significantly different results when evaluating the correlation
between the economic freedom and the selected macroeconomic
indicators using any indicator of the economic freedom.
Respecting the opinion that economic security of the socio-
economic system is determined by the situation of the economy,
government institutions assure the protection of national
interests, social orientation of the policy and sufficient defensive
potential provided by internal and external development
conditions and its level depends on economic freedom, we have
chosen the index of Economic Freedom of the World by
canadian Fraser Institute to conduct our research.
The selected macroeconomic indicators should describe the
fullfilment of the criteria of economic independence, the ability
of independent development of the economic system and the
level of its relations with the external environment: EFW
assessed the relationship with the rate of economic growth, tax
burden, net exports, government debt, inflation and
unemployment. Verification of the character and strength of
correlation is based on the correlation and regression analysis;
i.e. on the quantification of their degree of dependence.
Classification by Cohen (1998) was applied in quantification of
linear correlation. Regression model is based on the least squares
method.
Our findings are based on data published by Fraser Institute and
The Heritage Foundation, Eurostat and World Bank. The data
has been processed by MS Excel, Statistica 13 and Statgraphics.
2.1 Criteria of Economic Security and Economic Freedom
The situation in which neither the autonomy of the reference
object nor the autonomy of its economic decision-making is
compromised is an objective on the level of economic security.
Black and Baldwin (2010), Buzan (2008), Šimák (2005),
Kingsford (2011), Casey (2016) connect the security in any
system mainly with utility, resistance and stability. Criteria of
economic security are summarized in four points: 1. Economic
independence, 2. Ability to develop independently, 3. Presence
of institutional conditions and guarantees, 4. Level of
integration, dependence and relation with the external
environment.
Fulfilling the criteria can be objectively rated by indicators that
describe the structure of the system and its subsystems, as well
as their relationship, status, quality, functions, their place and
role in this system. They enable the analysis of the real situation
and level of the system security, recognise potential and real
danger and its influence, recognise the causes of danger,
recognise critical situations and occurance of further risks and
threats. There are two insights into the economic security – what
is the assumption and what threatens the economic security.
These factors are important to define the socio-economic system:
Sufficient sources for economic activities and for
implementation of effective social policy,
Efficiency of the financial and capital markets,
The degree of economic openness non-threating its
autonomy.
This set of factors considers primary those factors that limit
economic independence and the ability to develop independently
from the state. Secondarily, it also includes factors affecting the
economic security of low-level economic entities. If the main
criterion of the evaluation is the severity of impact of the risk
factor on the reference subject then the internal economic, legal
and social factors are the most important. The impact of external
factors may be significant due to the opening-up processes,
globalization and internationalization. The most important ones
are political and economic.
3 Results
Many methods have been developed and used to monitor and
evaluate the economic freedom. In 1990 Block, Gwartney
and Lawson introduced the first version of the Index of
Economic Freedom. Then, in 1992 Fraser Institute presented
results of the research of economic freedom in the publication
Rating Global Economic Freedom. Even nowadays, Fraser
Institute cooperating with other institutions evaluates economic
freedom and the results are published in publication: “Economic
Freedom of the World”. The scientific work of Fraser Institute
inspired Heritage Foundation analysts to elaborate similar
methods to measure economic freedom on global scale. The first
index of the economic freedom by the Heritage Foundation was
published in 1995. Both indexes have become respected.
The Index of Economic Freedom by The Heritage Foundation
covers 10 freedoms in four main fields – rule of law, limited
government intervention, regulatory efficiency and open
markets. Categorization of a country into any category of
economic freedom represents an average value made up of
partial freedoms. Each of them represents the same importance.
Five levels of the economic freedom are differentiated due to
total score: free – mostly free – average free – mostly non-free –
non-free.
The Index of Economic Freedom of the World by Fraser
Institute has been elaborated as an alternative to the method of
The Heritage Foundation. According to this method the
economic freedom should express how much the economy is
directed by market principles. Key features are the right of
personal choice, competition of markets, existence and
availability of the competitive markets and protection of the
rights and property of individuals. The five main index
categories are: the size of government expenditure, legal system
and property rights, sound money, freedom to trade
internationally, regulation. 24 components including totally 42
variables are directly or approximately reviewed in these five
categories annually. Rating within the sub-indices is realized in
interval mode. Achieved score depends on the level of fulfilling
the considered criterion.
The overall score of the economic freedom indicator is different
and depends on the methodology applied. The observed
differences between evaluations do not show the same results in
different countries: in the group of the best evaluated countries
(evaluation of the economic freedom in numeric terms is
approaching the maximum, is in the range 85-100
1
) regardless to
the methodology applied, the total score is similar, even
identical. Statistically significant difference between the values
of the total score was not identified in this group of countries
evaluated by Fraser Institute and Heritage Foundation, neither by
comparing annual changes. Difference between the values in
countries evaluated by total score as mostly free, average free or
mostly non-free is statistically significant (Table 1).
Based on the analysis performed on a set of EU countries, we
can find the same homogeneity of indices in most countries. We
can see index difference by comparing their median and
distribution function only in Czech Republic, Ireland and
Luxembourg.
Table 1
Country
Index
Me
min
max
δ
2
r
IEF, EFW
EU 28
IEF
68,750
48,700
82,600
42,118
0,505
EFW
73,739
52,400
85,000
21,250
T
IEF
0,268
-8,126
11,708
4,537
0,098
T
EFW
0,127
-8,924
12,977
6,639
Czech
Republic
IEF
69,400
64,600
73,200
5,950
0,798
EFW
71,800
65,400
75,300
7,025
1
EFW scale has been modified to 100 for analysis needs
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