AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
SLOVAK FOLK SONG IN THE COMPOSITIONS OF BÉLA BARTÓK
a
IVETA ŠTRBÁK PANDIOVÁ
Constantin the Philosopher University in Nitra, Dražovská
4, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
email:
a
ispandiova@ukf.sk
Abstract: Several bonds connected the important composer of the 20
th
century Béla
Bartók with the territory of present Slovakia – family relations, beginning of his music
studies, his concert, artistic and ethnomusicological work. For the Slovak folkloristics
his collection of Slovak folk songs is priceless. The submitted study presents those
particular Slovak folk songs which Bartók arranged, or inventively used their melodic
and rhythmic elements in his works.
Keywords: Slovak Folk Song, Béla Bartók, Composer, Composition.
1 Bartók and Slovakia
The affinity for using Slovak folk melodies in his compositions
resulted above all from Bartók’s family relations, and his later
ethnomusicological activity on the territory of Slovakia. In this
context it is necessary to expound his family background and
professional bonds to Slovakia. His mother Paula, nee Voitová,
and her family came from Bratislava. During his first stay in
Bratislava (1892–1893) Bartók lived with his widowed mother
and sister Elza with their relatives (at present No. 5, Obrancov
mieru Street). Having spent one year in the (today Romanian)
village of
Bistriţa, teacher Paula Bartóková settled in Bratislava
in 1894 together with her children and sister Irma. Their stay in
Bratislava strongly influenced Bartók’s intellectual development.
In Bratislava he became a student at the Royal Catholic
Hungarian High School in the former Poor Clares Convent, from
which he successfully graduated in 1899. Later Bartók taught
several Slovak pupils, besides his second wife Ditta Pásztoryová,
who came from Rimavská Sobota, also Alexander Albrecht,
Helena Gáfforová and Štefan Németh-Šamorínsky.
1
Bartók played at school concerts, but he performed also in other
cities on the territory of Slovakia: Košice, Prešov, Lučenec,
Komárno and Rimavská Sobota. In the interview from 1941 his
mother said his first public performance had taken place on
January 22, 1904 in Bratislava. “For the performance I had
a place reserved in the first row. But I remained standing in the
rear for the whole time, till he was applauded and gave an
encore.”
2
Bartók had nine concerts in Bratislava, five in Košice
and he appeared as a
guest in Prešov twice. In Lučenec,
Komárno and Rimavská Sobota he performed just once.
3
1.1 Ethnomusicological Activities of Béla Bartók
Bartók was tied to the territory of Slovakia by his important
ethnomusicological activities. He began to collect folk songs in
Slovakia regularly in 1906 in the small villages of Gemer county
and then continued in Nitra county (1906–1910), Komárno
(1906, 1910) and Hont counties (1910, 1914), as well as in the
villages of Pohronie and Zvolen counties (1915–1918). In the
period of 1906–1918 he collected more than 3,409 melodies and
approximately 4,000 lyrics of folk songs.
In collecting and ethnomusicological work Bartók was joined
and assisted by Štefan Németh-Šamorínsky, Alexander Albrecht
and Anton Baník. Their activities in Slovakia resulted in an
extensive three-volume collection Slovak Folk Songs, containing
not only 3,223 melodies collected by Bartók, but also 145 folk
songs from László Vikár’s collection, 113 melodies
from Kodály’s records and 73 folk songs from the collection by
1
CSEHIOVÁ, Agáta: Bartók alkotómunkássága a mai Szlovákia területén. In: Bartók
– Verdi tanulmánykötet. Az SZTEJGYTFK Ének-zene Tanszékén 2001. november 8-
án elhangzott előadások szerkesztett változata. Szeged, 2002.
2
e. k.:
Nemcsak nagy művész a fiam, de jó gyermek is. In: Bulletin of the Jubilee
Concert Bartók Béla dalegyesület hangversenye 1941 április 29. Bratislava:
Concordia, 1941.
3
CSEHI, Ágota: Bartók és a felvidék. Komárom-Esztergom: Komáromi Lapok,
Komárom-Esztergom Megyei Önkormányzat, 1994, p. 28-37.
Anton Baník.
4
The time span between 1919–1928 Bartók
dedicated to the finalization and analysis of the whole obtained
song material including the Slovak collection which was taken
up by Matica Slovenská in 1928.
5
For the Slovak ethnomusicology Bartók’s collection is of the
utmost importance. It embodies the results of an immensely
coherent method of work with the documentation material, used
first in the field, then in transcription, analysis, assortment of
material and a way of its preparation for the publication. In the
1920s, the editorial method used by Bartók occurred in Slovakia
only sporadically. Although the collecting had a certain tradition
in Slovakia even prior to Bartók’s activities, and although many
years of relentless and intense work of a number of
ethnomusicologists have passed since the origination of this
collection, the publication of Bartók’s Slovak Folk Songs has
remained one of the most important tasks of the music
folkloristics up to the present.
For the work with the material Bartók devised a detailed system
of assortment, based on the “formal, rhythmic, methric and
cadential structure of the songs.” The preparation of the whole
Slovak material for publication did not take Bartók much time.
He started to work on it in 1919 and as soon as in the autumn
1920 he finished the overall schedule of the publication and
completed a part of the manuscript. He terminated the first
volume of the collection in October 1922, the second one in
August 1924 and the third one in May 1928. The particular parts
of the manuscript were handed by him item-by-item to Matica
Slovenská. However, the editorial as well as technical problems
still delayed the print of the whole manuscript. The mentioned
problems lingered on even after Bartók himself decided to set
about the editorial work in 1935.
6
The first two volumes of the
collection were published only after Bartók’s death, in 1959 and
1970 respectively, by the Department of Music Folkloristics of
the Institute of Musicology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences.
7
Bartók’s manuscript of the so far unpublished folk songs is still
stored away by Oskár Elschek and Alica Elscheková, the
scientific editors of the first two volumes, who also assumed the
preparation of the two final volumes.
The presentation of the third volume took place on June 22, 2009
on the premises of the Euro Info Centre in Bratislava under the
auspices of Ján Fi
geľ, member of the European Commission,
responsible for the education, training, culture and youth. A
concert took place on this occasion, presenting fujara
(shepherd’s pipe) tunes from Bartók’s collection from 1906
rendered by Marián Plavec, then Bartók’s phonograph
recordings, as well as samples from documentaries tracking
Bartók’s journeys in Slovakia. The highlight of this outstanding
event was the presentation of the publication by its editor Oskár
Elschek, as well as the lecture Bartók and Slovak Music given by
Ladislav Burlas. The collection is an important milestone of the
scholarly and documentary work by Béla Bartók, a collector and
internationally renowned expert on European traditional music.
It was especially due to this fact that Bartók’s collection of
Slovak folk songs was nominated for the UNESCO international
program Memory of the World in 2004. Bartók’s collection
contains 3,409 Slovak folk songs and instrumental pieces and
4,500 lyrics of the Slovak folk songs. The collection consists of
various materials:
4
BARTÓK, Béla:
Slovenské ľudové piesne I. Bratislava: Slovenská akadémia vied,
1959, p. 12.
5
Matica Slovenská is a national Slovak cultural organization based in Martin.
Historically the MS was established at the First General Assembly on August 4, 1863,
which took place in Martin. On January 1, 1919 its activities were revived. At present
its functioning is ruled by the Act No. 68/1997 on Matica Slovenská and Statutes of
Matica Slovenská. By its mission and position in the society Matica Slovenská carries
out an irreplaceable task of integration of the Slovak society disregarding the social
status, religion or political affiliation of its members.
6
BARTÓK, Béla:
Slovenské ľudové piesne I. Slovenská akadémia vied, Bratislava,
1959, p. 13.
7
ELSCHEKOVÁ, Alica: Béla Bartók a
slovenská ľudová pieseň. In: Hudobný život,
vol. 13, 1981, No. 5, p. 6.
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