AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
BURNOUT AND HELPING PROFESSIONS: MEASUREMENT OPTIONS, PREVENTION AND
INTERVENTION
a
BEÁTA RÁCZOVÁ,
b
MIROSLAVA KÖVEROVÁ
a, b
Department of Psychology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in
Košice, Moyzesova 9, 040 59 Košice, Slovak Republic
email:
a
beata.raczova@upjs.sk,
b
miroslava.koverova@upjs.sk
This research was supported by the Slovak research and development agency under
contract no. APVV-14-0921.
Abstract: The main aim of this study was to assess the level of burnout among helping
professionals and explore which stress reduction activities they already use as well as
which stress reduction activities they would appreciate having the opportunity to use
within their work. The research was carried out on a sample of 745 helping
professionals (89 % women), the age range was 20-65 years (M = 44.04; SD = 10.33).
All participants completed two instruments measuring burnout syndrome (MBI-HS
and a subscale of ProQOL) and answered several open questions regarding stress
reduction activities at work. The obtained results showed that helping professionals on
average reported relatively low levels of burnout in its measured aspects. In spite of
this finding however, further statistical analysis identified groups within our sample
with a higher risk of burnout (mainly health professionals, social workers and
professional with longer work experience). Finally, it was found that the most
frequently reported activities used by helping professionals to reduce stress and those
which they would appreciate at their workplace overlapped and were represented by
supervision, educational activities, teambuilding and relaxation activities. These
findings can provide a background for the development of intervention and prevention
programs aimed at reducing the negative effects which are often experienced in
helping professions.
Keywords: Burnout, Helping Professionals, Intervention, Prevention.
1 Burnout among professionals in helping professions
Burnout syndrome is one of the most frequent negative effects
identified in helping professions. The term burnout has been
used in scientific literature since the end of the second half of the
20th century to denote a failure at work which is caused by
physical and emotional exhaustion (Kebza, Šolcová, 2008;
2013). However, the original concept of burnout has undergone
many changes since its inception. This can be seen in the fact
that many different definitions of burnout syndrome exist
(Perlman, Hartman, 1982). Moreover, these definitions differ in
various aspects. For example, Pines and Aronson (Kristensen et
al., 2005) define burnout as a state of physical, emotional and
mental exhaustion caused by emotionally draining situations. It
is a state which lasts over a long time and is more common to
occur in certain professions. On the other hand, Maroon (2012)
has focused more on the specific symptoms of burnout in his
definition. He defines burnout as a psychological state which can
be characterized by a lack of energy, low resilience against
illness, increased pessimism and feeling of dissatisfaction. All of
these can cause low work effectiveness and high absenteeism.
Further, Cherniss (1990) highlights the significance of the loss of
enthusiasm and a decrease in conscientiousness when
performing one´s job. Finally, Storli (Skoryk, 2013) has added
that a burned-out individual performs his or her job rather
mechanically and without any emotional involvement. While
many theoretical definitions have been formulated, the most
accepted complex definition of burnout syndrome can be found
in Maslach´s concept (Maslach, Schaufeli, Leiter, 2001).
Maslach has developed a three-dimensional concept of burnout
syndrome. According to this author (Maslach, Schaufeli, Leiter,
2001), burnout can be understood in terms of emotional
exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal satisfaction
with achievements at work. These symptoms can be found
especially among professionals who work in helping professions.
Within this model, the three mentioned characteristics are
defined as components of burnout syndrome (Maslach, 2003;
Maslach et al., 2006).
In general, there are two basic approaches to burnout syndrome
within psychology. One approaches burnout as the state which
we have addressed so far. The second emphasizes the processual
element in burnout. By this, the amount of stress gradually
increases in the process of burnout and the resources of an
individual for coping become diminished. From this perspective,
individual components of burnout can rather be understood as
phases of a chronological process (Maslach et al., 2003). Finally,
it is also important to add that chronic psychosocial stress,
experienced mainly in situations in which coping resources
become diminished, is a generally accepted cause of burnout
syndrome (Maslach, Goldberg, 1998; Kebza, Šolcová, 2008).
Helping professions are at the highest risk for the occurrence and
development of burnout syndrome (Lourel, Gueguen, 2007). The
most common characteristic of these professions is the direct and
intensive contact with clients/patients which makes this kind of
profession very challenging emotionally (Zapf et al., 2001).
Honzák (2009) has attributed the high risk for burnout syndrome
to the very nature of helping professions which involves
considerable personal engagement without getting much in
return. Whitaker et al. (2006) have studied social work
professionals and identified several sources of stress in this
context. These sources are represented by long hours spent with
clients, pressures caused by deadlines and limited time,
professionally challenging cases, limited resources, low salaries,
feelings of decreased security, increasing worry and long-lasting
crisis situations which can cause stress exceeding one´s
resources and lead to the development of burnout syndrome in a
professional. Graham and Shier (2010) see burnout along with a
decrease in moral competence and high work fluctuation as the
most negative aspects when working as a social worker. The
motivation behind the interest in the exploration of burnout
syndrome may be given by its far-reaching influence which
affects not only the health of the provider but also her/his quality
of life including job satisfaction, work performance and
efficiency (Rössler, 2012). Empirical evidence regarding the
relationship between burnout and helping professions has been
documented by many published studies (e.g. burnout among
teachers – Skoryk, 2013; among medical students – Pagnin et al.
2013; medical staff – Griner, 2013; social workers – Kim, Kao,
2011; emergency services - Katsavouini, Bebetsos, 2016 etc.).
1.1 Burnout – measurement options
As the result of the increasing interest of researchers in studying
burnout syndrome, several measuring instruments have been
developed. One of the most popular is the questionnaire known
under the acronym MBI (Maslach Burnout Inventory). The
original version of this questionnaire developed by Christina
Maslach and Susan E. Jackson (1981) is based on the three-
component model previously mentioned. It has mainly been
developed for the helping professionals (Maslach, Jackson,
Leiter, 2006) and will be described in detail in the empirical part
of this article. Throughout the years it has been revised several
times and has also served as the inspiration for developing new
methods (Kebza, Šolcová, 2008; 2013). These methods have
made it possible to measure burnout in other professions. An
example is the MBI-GS version (Maslach Burnout Inventory –
General Survey) which is more general and has been used in
several research studies (e.g. Hayes, Weathington, 2007;
Goodger et al., 2007). The MBI-SS (Maslach Burnout Inventory
– Student Survey) has been developed to measure burnout
syndrome among students (e.g. Schaufeli et al., 2009).
Throughout the years of research in burnout syndrome, a
discussion about its nature has fully opened. Some authors
consider burnout syndrome to be the equivalent to exhaustion
(Kristensen et al., 2005; Shirom, Melamed, 2006). The critique
of the MBI questionnaire lead to the development of new
measures such as the Burnout Measure (Pines, Aronson, 1988,
according to Kristensen et al., 2005), Copenhagen Burnout
Inventory (Kristensen et al., 2005) and Oldenburg Burnout
Inventory (Demerouti, Bakker, 2008). In comparison with the
MBI, these inventories are not strictly aimed at helping
professionals. In spite the fact that these alternative inventories
have been developed, Maslach´s concept of the burnout
syndrome as well as the corresponding MBI is considered to be
the gold standard for assessing burnout (Schaufeli, Taris, 2005).
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