AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
respondents reported only slight emotional exhaustion (M =
2.09; SD = 1.21), very low levels of depersonalization (M =
0.85; SD = 0.90) and a medium level of personal
accomplishment (M = 4.36; SD = 0.95). More detailed
information is provided in the Table 1. Due to the significant
disproportion of women and men in the sample it was not
possible to analyse differences between genders. When the
respondents were compared according to different categories,
significant differences were found only in two components.
Specifically, respondents were found to differ in the component
of emotional exhaustion when they were compared according to
their years of working experience (F = 7.029; p < 0.001) and
type of profession (F = 5.590; p < 0.001). Furthermore,
differences were also observed in the component
depersonalization but only when they were compared with
regard to the type of their profession (F = 3.134; p < 0.001).
These results show that the starting professionals significantly
differ from their experienced colleagues in the component
emotional exhaustion when the professionals with longer
working experience (10-20 or more years) show higher levels of
exhaustion than the starting professionals. Similar results were
found when different types of professions were compared.
Health-care professionals experienced emotional exhaustion
statistically significantly more often than psychologists and
educators. With regard to depersonalization it was found that
social workers suffered from this component of burnout more
frequently than psychologists and therapists. No differences
were observed with regard to personal accomplishment. These
findings suggest a well-known trend which reflects the risks
related to working in health care.
Table 1 Means of burnout according to the categories of measured variables
Variables
Categories
N
Burnout
ProQOL
MBI-HS
M (SD)
EE M (SD)
DE M (SD)
PA M (SD)
Age
20-33 years
138
2.27 (0.42)
1.88 (1.09)
0.87 (0.90)
4.23 (1.01)
33.1-44 years
218
2.35 (0.44)
2.08 (1.16)
0.89 (0.92)
4.26 (0.90)
44.1-55 years
252
2.43 (0.46)
2.20 (1.30)
0.85 (0.91)
4.48 (0.90)
55.1-65 years
114
2.36 (0.50)
2.10 (1.23)
0.79 (0.81)
4.49 (1.03)
Work
experience
0-3 years
154
2.20 (0.41)
1.72 (1.08)
0.84 (0.94)
4.34 (0.99)
3.1-9.9 years
182
2.37 (0.43)
2.04 (1.19)
0.85 (0.84)
4.36 (0.97)
10-19.9 years
194
2.40 (0.46)
2.24 (1.22)
0.86 (0.89)
4.31 (0.95)
20 and more years
203
2.45 (0.49)
2.25 (1.25)
0.83 (0.87)
4.45 (0.93)
Profession
Social workers
194
2.42 (0.47)
2.22 (1.25)
0.98 (0.94)
4.29 (0.94)
Psychologists, teachers and
therapists
97
2.22 (0.42)
1.81 (1.12)
0.64 (0.72)
4.45 (0.86)
Educators
196
2.32 (0.45)
1.89 (1.16)
0.87 (0.98)
4.42 (1.01)
Health professionals
235
2.42 (0.46)
2.28 (1.22)
0.85 (0.86)
4.37 (0.96)
Managers
13
2.12 (0.35)
1.43 (0.56)
0.43 (0.42)
4.32 (0.73)
Time spent in
direct contact
with clients
per week
Less than 3 hours
18
2.52 (0.60)
2.12 (1.41)
1.14 (1.21)
4.19 (1.03)
3-10 hours
110
2.35 (0.45)
2.05 (1.24)
0.91 (0.86)
4.30 (0.91)
11-18 hours
91
2.41 (0.41)
2.21 (1.16)
1.05 (0.95)
4.30 (0.86)
19-27 hours
83
2.34 (0.44)
1.92 (1.15)
0.86 (0.79)
4.31 (0.83)
28-36 hours
197
2.45 (0.46)
2.15 (1.19)
0.78 (0.90)
4.27 (1.02)
36 and more hours
231
2.29 (0.46)
2.08 (1.25)
0.80 (0.86)
4.51 (0.98)
Low levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization has
not changed when either time spent with clients or education of
the professional were considered. Nevertheless, the mean scores
still show an interesting pattern. The highest mean score in
personal accomplishment was observed among
those
professionals who spend 36 or more hours in direct contact with
their clients per week and the lowest mean score was found in
the group which spends the shortest time in direct contact with
their clients (less than 3 hours per week). The explanation for
this could be probably found to the content of the work which
can be perceived as meaningful when more time is spent in
direct contact with clients and this way lead to the satisfaction
with one“s competence which increases with the amount of
experience.
3.2. Description of the burnout subscale of the ProQOL
Helping professionals reported a relatively low level of burnout
when the scale ProQOL was used (M = 2.36; SD = 0.01 total
sample). Mean values for burnout are displayed in the Table 1 and
are presented according to the assessed demographic categories.
Statistically significant differences in burnout between individual
groups of helping professionals were found in groups with
different age (F = 3.467; p = 0.016), length of working experience
(F = 1.055; p < 0.001), type of profession (F = 5.563; p < 0.001),
type of institution (F = 3.643; p < 0.001) and different number of
hours spend with clients (F = 3.512; p = 0.004).
In the case of age, two differences were observed: older helping
professionals (44-55 years old) reported higher level of burnout
than the younger professionals (20-33) (Table 1). With regard to
the length of working experience, differences were found
between the starting helping professionals (0-3 years of
experience) who reported lower levels of burnout than the other
three groups (Table 1). With increasing age and years of
experience subjective experience of burnout increased. In spite
of these changes in time the mean score still stayed on a
relatively low level.
When different professions were considered, the highest levels
of burnout were reported by social workers and health
professionals (Table 1). Both these groups differed from
psychologist, teachers and therapists who reported lower levels
of burnout (Table 1). When different institutions were compared,
significant differences were found only between the employees
of the Central Office of Labour, Social Affairs and Family (the
highest level of burnout) and the employees of private care
institutions for seniors (the lowest level of burnout). The group
with the highest risk was represented by the social workers at the
Central Office of Labour, Social Affairs and Family.
When time spent with clients per week was analysed, differences
between two groups were observed. Specifically, the difference
in burnout was found between those who spent the most time
with their clients: 28-36 hours and 36 hours or more. The lowest
reported level of burnout was found among those who spent 36
hours or more with their clients (Table 1). This finding could
appear paradoxical at the first glance, but it may suggest that
professionals who spend more time with their clients adapt to the
challenges of their work and find problems of their clients less
exhausting.
3.3 Open questions
Out of the total number of 135 obtained responses to open
questions, 49.6% of respondents wrote that they use stress
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