AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
HUMAN FACE ATTRACTIVENESS ASSESSMENT: THE ROLE OF EXTRAVERSION AND
VERBAL INTELLIGENCE ON THE SIDE OF THE ASSESSOR AND THE ASSESSED
a
LENKA SELECKÁ,
b
SLÁVKA DÉMUTHOVÁ
Psychology Department, Faculty of Arts, University of Ss. Cyril
and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, Trnava, Slovakia
email:
a
lenka.selecka@ucm.sk,
b
slavka.demuthova@ucm.sk
Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Slovak Research and
Development Agency under the contract No. APVV-15-0294.
Abstract: Extraversion plays a role in the behaviour and face assessment. Intelligence
is discussed from two points of view: (1) as a feature carrying evolutionary
information and (2) as a feature that enables the observer to detect information from
the face. The aim of this research is to study (1) the role of verbal intelligence and (2)
the role of extraversion within the process of attractiveness and intelligence evaluation
of composite faces. Results are in favour of the evolutionary assumptions. The verbal
intelligence of the observers (N=2106, M=24.10y, SD=10.15) is associated with the
preference of extraversion in faces, the preference of higher intelligence, and with the
ability to identify the level of intelligence from face. Moreover, extraversion of the
observer is connected to the preference and assessment of the intelligence of the face.
Keywords: Face attractiveness assessment, extraversion, verbal intelligence,
composite faces.
1 Introduction
The human face has been in the centre of interest for scientists in
a number of scientific disciplines, professional knowledge led
directly to rapid progress in understanding many aspects of face
perception and processing. The face is usually the first visual
information available to humans in social contact and is
continuously visible during most types of interactions (Little,
Jones, & DeBruine, 2011b). Therefore, it is more than
understandable that a face becomes a part of our implicit
personality theories.
Implicit personality theories (Schneider, 1973) are cognitive
structures that are composed of attributed personality traits and
their interrelations. The link between these implicit theories and
stereotypes about group members become apparent when we
consider the group membership as one of the personal attributes
that are associated with other attributes from the same implicit
theory (Ashmore, 1981). A very good example in this area is the
link between facial attractiveness and extraversion. Physical
attractiveness is associated with some implicit personality
theories (attributed personality traits). The level of attractiveness
is associated with interpersonal abilities and traits in the area of
sociability, respectively extraversion, and the consequences of
these abilities, respectively popularity (Eagly, Ashmore,
Makhijani, & Longo, 1991).
The link between attractiveness and extraversion is apparent in
the process of selecting a partner. In assessing the attractiveness
of the human face, people can make decisions based on
personality traits that match their ideal partner. If a person
appreciates the personality trait extraversion, he/she may prefer
an extraverted face because it means that the person can really be
extraverted. The reason for relying on personality attributions of
the other person is that facial information is more accessible than
stable behaviours (Little, Burt, & Perrett, 2006b).
Not only do people prefer faces that represent an ideal partner
but as it seems these preferences can be influenced by the
assessor's own personality. Little, Burt, & Perrett (2006a) found
out that the preference of extraverted male faces is relatively
direct. Male faces, which are attributed to a higher degree of
extraversion, are preferred by women who are extraverted as
well. Couples often resemble each other. This similarity is fueled
by an evolutionary mechanism that can be observed in various
animal species (Burley, 1983); it is a nonrandom mating called
assortative mating, in which the pair is formed on the basis of a
phenotype. In this case, we could say it is a positive assortative
mating strategy (homogamy) because people choose partners on
the basis of similarity with themselves (Thiessen & Gregg,
1980).
Extraversion can be attractive for evolutionary reasons. The
continuity of extraversion as a personality trait reflects a
compromise between reproductive benefits and costs (Ashton &
Lee, 2007). Extravert behaviour facilitates the establishment and
preservation of social relations (Ashton & Lee, 2007) and
supports the social status (Anderson, John, Keltner, & Kring,
2001). On the other hand, extravert behaviour is associated with
competitive behaviour and its possible consequences (Lund et
al., 2007). The mentioned compromise leads to the fact that
extraverts are usually more successful when selecting a partner
as introverts, but are also more likely to be injured (Nettle,
2005). We can contemplate that if extraversion is visibly
reflected in the face of a person, the socially desirable
characteristics from it may increase the overall interest in such a
partner. It can lead to the evaluation of an extraverted face as
being attractive in the sense of “what is good is beautiful”
hypothesis (Little et al, 2006b).
In addition, extraverts usually have a symmetrical face that is
generally considered to be one of the most attractive faces
(Zaidel & Hessamian, 2010). The relationship between facial
symmetry and attractiveness is stable, the face is more attractive
if it is symmetrical. This relationship is valid even when one side
of the face is removed from the photograph, when only the left
or right side of the face is presented (Scheib, Gangestad, &
Thornhill, 1999). Moreover, this knowledge suggests that the
established connection between facial symmetry and
attractiveness arises because symmetry is covariated with other
attractive facial features more than that symmetry is perceived as
attractive by itself. The relationship of extraversion and
symmetry of the face arises because they have a common basis.
Developmental stability leads to a symmetrical face phenotype
and extraverted personality (Pound, Penton-Voak, & Brown,
2007). For this reason, we can say that an extravert face carries
evolutionary information since it signals person's quality as a
mate.
Another feature visible in the faces evaluated as a sign of “good
genes” and overall health of the beholder can be intelligence
(Miller, 2000; Prokosch, Yeo, & Miller, 2005). In this research,
intelligence is discussed from two points of view: (1) as a feature
visible in the face, carrying evolutionary information and (2) as a
feature that enables the observer to detect relevant information
from the human face.
(1) Intelligence has been connected with the beauty ideal for a
long time (Etcoff, 1999). In general, attractive faces are
considered to be more intelligent than unattractive faces
(Zebrowitz, Hall, Murphy, & Rhodes, 2002; Kazanawa, 2011).
And vice versa, the faces which show the signs of intelligence
are perceived as more attractive (Talamas, Mavor, & Perrett,
2016; Demuthova, 2016). The explanation for the mentioned
association between intelligence and attractiveness is provided
by the “good genes” hypothesis. According to the hypothesis,
attractive faces are a signal for a mate quality. The preferences
for attractive individuals has evolved due to the enhancement of
reproductive success (Berry, 2000; Zebrowitz & Rhodes, 2002).
Therefore, attractive faces may signal high intelligence
(Zebrowitz et al., 2002). Attractivity of intelligent faces may
have arisen because “more intelligent mates conferred survival
benefits on their offspring through the heritability of intelligence
or through their ability to provide better parental care and more
resources” (Zebrowitz & Rhodes, 2004, p. 169).
(2) Research in person perception has documented high accuracy
in judging intelligence and health from facial appearance
(Zebrowitz & Rhodes, 2004). As was proven by several research
studies (Zebrowitz, Hall, Murphy, & Rhodes, 2002; Anderson,
1921), people are able to detect the level of intelligence from a
face. Higher intelligence of the observer enables them to respond
adequately to social situations and make good social judgements
(Taylor, 1990). From this reason, we can assume that more
- 185 -