AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
Table 6: Observed differences in extraversion of the observer
according to intelligence male and female face preference
N
M
SD
F
Sig
Low intelligence male face
preference
145
9.88
4.010
6.670
0.001
Middle intelligence
male face preference
784
10.79
3.661
Highest intelligence male face
preference
1013
11.03
3.495
Low intelligence female face
preference
182
10.39
3.926
5.360
0.005
Middle intelligence
female face preference
564
10:55
3.742
Highest intelligence female face
preference
1195
11.05
3.485
4 Discussion
Extraversion is a trait that is considered to be one of the
frequently desired personality traits in a partner. The advantages
of having an extraverted partner are in the establishment of
social relationships (Ashton & Lee, 2007) and a higher social
status (Anderson et al, 2001). For this reasons, people who have
facial features resembling extraversion are evaluated as more
attractive. We tested this possibility. As we found out, the
number of participants who prefer extravert male face over the
introvert male face is significantly higher. Extravert male face is
considered as more attractive by 57% of participants. The same
tendency, even more straightforward, manifested as well when
the participants evaluated the attractiveness of female faces. The
number of participants preferring extravert female face was
higher than the preference of introvert female face, namely
74.3% of the research sample evaluate the extravert female face
as attractive.
We can conclude that in addition to the fact that extraversion
manifested in a face is attractive in a partner choice, it is more
attractive than introversion regardless the sex of the assessor and
the sex of the assessed. The evaluation of an extraverted face as
being attractive is in compliance with the “what is good is
beautiful” hypothesis (Little et al, 2006b). It can be contemplated
that the developmental stability connected with extraversion
(Pound, Penton-Voak, & Brown, 2007) carries not only
evolutionary information in the form of person's quality as a
partner. Extraversion as a trait can be understood as a
consequence of the strength of response to naturally rewarding
stimuli (like sex, food and physical pleasure). Extraverted people
invest more time and energy on acquiring the stimuli because
they are more salient for them than for introverted people
(Eysenck, 1976; Swickert et al., 2002). These stimuli are
rewarding because they are fitness enhancing and extraverts are
more successful in mating and as well in attaining fitness
relevant resources (Nettle, 2005).
Intelligence is as well considered to be very attractive (Etcoff,
1999; Talamas, Mavor, & Perrett, 2016; Demuthova, 2016).
Similarly, as extraversion, intelligence can be explained in terms
of the “good genes” hypothesis. Intelligent faces may confer
survival benefits on the potential offspring because intelligent
people have the abilities to provide better parental care and
resources (Zebrowitz & Rhodes, 2004). As stated by Moore,
Fillipou, & Perrett (2011, p. 206): “A relationship between
intelligence and a “fitness factor” could account for the
association between facial attractiveness and perceived
intelligence, as individuals displaying visible cues to intelligence
should be more desirable in a mate choice context”.
We tested the possibility if the most intelligent face is evaluated
as the most attractive. And again, we obtained similar results as
in the case of extraversion, because this result is in conformity
with the evolutionary presumption as well. The highest
intelligent face is considered to be the most attractive for male
composite faces and for female composite faces as well. 51.3%
of the participants prefer the highest intelligence male face [for
comparison: lowest: 7.2%, middle: 40.8%]. 60% of the
participants have shown the preference for the highest
intelligence female face [lowest: 9.4%, middle: 29.7%]. Results
show that the most intelligent face (regardless the sex of the
face) is considered to be the prettiest.
As we were interested in studying the role of verbal intelligence
and the role of extraversion within the process of attractiveness
and intelligence evaluation of composite faces, we compared the
selected variables against each other to test the possibility of
assortative mating. Assortative mating in extraversion towards
extravert partners is direct, male faces which are evaluated as to
possess a higher degree of extraversion are preferred by women
who are extraverted (Little et al, 2006a). This positive assortative
mating strategy may be applicable as well in the terms of the
premise that one’s own mate quality is related to the choice of a
high-quality mate. Therefore we can assume that the intelligence
and extraversion as psychological constructs representing
evolutionary advantages can be mutually attracted
characteristics. To test these assumptions we analyzed the
differences of verbal intelligence of the observer according to
their preference of extraversion in faces, the differences of
verbal intelligence of the observer according to their preference
of intelligence of the observed faces, and the differences
between participants in extraversion according to their
preference of the intelligence of the observed face.
The results show that higher verbal intelligence is associated
with extravert male face preference and with extravert female
face preference. Secondly, as could be seen, higher verbal
intelligence is connected to the preference of higher intelligence
on human faces regardless the sex of the face. The former
relationship is valid as well as in the opposite direction,
participants differ in their score of extraversion according to
their preference of intelligence on human faces (again, regardless
of the sex of the evaluated face). We can consider this results as
support for the assortative mating strategy.
The finding that higher verbal intelligence of assessor is
connected to the preference of higher intelligence on composite
faces can be explained by different possibilities. The mechanism
behind the fact why more intelligent assessors consider the
highest intelligence composite face as the most attractive can be
due to the fact, that highly intelligent participants’ environment
is occupied more by intelligent people. The social environment
of intelligent people includes the faces with visible intelligent
features on their faces, which creates a higher frequency of
intelligence facial features around the assessor. Since it is a
known fact that the nature or hereditary component in
intelligence causes greater variation than does environment
(Leahy, 1935; Bouchard & McGue, 1981; Deary, Spinath, &
Bates, 2006), it can be assumed that highly intelligent people are
surrounded by intelligent facial features from their childhood
(from their family members) which can form a “norm” for
evaluation other faces.
In this research, we have been interested also in the question, if a
higher intelligence of the observer enables him/her to make more
adequate judgements about the presumed intelligence of a
composite face. Research studies have found mixed results on
this specific topic. Some have confirmed a strong correlation
between the observer’s intelligence and perceived intelligence
from a face (Borkenau & Liebler, 1995). Others have confirmed
mentioned relationship only in men (Kleisner, Chvatalova, &
Flegr, 2014). Our result doesn’t support any of this conclusions,
as we found out a higher verbal intelligence of the assessor
facilitates the correct evaluation of intelligence from facial
features only while judging a female face, not while judging the
male face. This result is similar to the conclusion by Démuthová
(2016), regardless the sex of the assessor - men and women did
not recognizably differ between middle and high intelligent male
face.
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