AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
THE CULTURAL-PEDAGOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE REGIONAL AND THE GLOBAL (ALSO
BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE SLOVAKS IN ROMANIA)
a
PATRIK ŠENKÁR
J. Selye University, Faculty of Education, Department of Slovak
Language and Literature, Bratislavská cesta 3322, 945 01
Komárno, Slovak Republic
email:
a
senkarp@ujs.sk
This study has been produced as a part of the VEGA project (number: 1/0034/17)
called Transculturalism and Bilingualism in Slovak and Hungarian Literature. Project
leader: dr. habil. Mgr. Németh Zoltán, PhD.
Abstract: The paper deals with the multidimensional space of culture from a regional
and global perspective. It points to a certain pulsation and influence of cultures in the
life of a national minority, respectively describes regionalism as a specific determinant
of their cultural existence. It analyses the pedagogical respect of these realities in the
concretization of the national educational process (in the background of the pupil’s
consciousness in relation to these terms). It stresses the naturally present cultural
relativism and gradual purposeful improvement of the cultural consciousness of the
pupil in the environment and the surroundings of minority schools (also) during the
acquisition of cultural codes. The text leads to a wider presentation of the
multidimensional process of interpretation and its important segment: national
literature as an important form of cultural heritage.
Keywords: culture, education, regionalism, globalisation, pedagogy
Introduction
The system of the region is in the broadest sense the problem of
space and time. What characterizes the unity of time and space
in a physical sense represents, in culture, art and literature, the
unity of the regional or the global, respectively of creativity or
tradition. It is the existence of multiple interrelationships and the
interconnection of the present, the past and the future. Each new
bond reveals a new meaning and value aspect of culture.
According to the declaration of the European Council (1993), the
basic unit of the region is its cultural environment. It is a kind of
concept which is reflected in the activities of the people living in
the given environment. In the history of pedagogy, Alexander
von Humboldt introduces the aspects of the determination of
pupils and cultural environment. They are in a parallel
relationship during the educational process.
In the history of culture, there is the so-called pulsation of
expanding, but sometimes even shrinking space. However, the
progress of culture also takes place as the dynamics of other,
mutually interrelated regions. Irina Grigorjevna Neupokojevová
emphasized her understanding of regional systems by matching
the historical-cultural type in connection with sociology and
cultural studies. She insisted on the historical approach, since
regional systems are not equal during the course of their history,
therefore their stability must be understood as a form of
expression of historical dynamics.
Regarding the criteria for the allocation of the zone, I. G.
Neupokojevová has several of them. Besides the proximity of
individual historical fates, it is also the historical-cultural-
geographical character of differentiation and the cohesive
stability of the cultural code. The contribution of her theory lies
in the methodologically natural association of cultural
(sociocultural) analyses of societies that belong to the complex
world of culture. These are all the same directions as the
typological matches or lines that do not presuppose genetic
affinity (the Romanian comparator Alexandru Dima’s
formulation). And these are the terms the concept of cultural
region is connected with.
1 Cultural environment and its multidimensional impact on
the region in and out of the school
The concept of culture is one of the central points of philosophy,
history of education and human thinking. However, its
individual partial fields are indistinguishable and interdependent.
At present, the definition of culture is recognized from the aspect
of integrity and breadth (Kroeber, In: Bohannan, Glazer, 1997, p.
159). However, the institutional establishment of this concept is
also important, which can be done the most effectively by the
proper application of the so-called cultural policy of the state.
This term was first mentioned in the German pedagogical
journal (Pädagogischer Revue, 1840). Culture consists not only
of the accumulated knowledge or the sum of values of pupils,
but also of the correlated models of behaviour, customs and
traditions. However, such a system only makes sense if it is
permanently acquired by the individual (in our case, the pupil)
during his life (at school, during the educational process). By
this, pupils are engaged in their relations to their surroundings,
refine their personality, they become part of the environment of
the region and receive information from previous times – in our
case about their own nationality (Malinowski, In: Bohannan,
Glazer, 1997, p. 379). In the background of the theory of
education, this principle points to the influence of the
environment and the ways of social coexistence of the group (for
example, pupils in the class).
What is important is the process of transferring cultural
awareness to other generations. Generations transfer values as
well as cultural practices. This is the so-called cultural transfer
that goes hand in hand with biological transfer (Cavalli-Sforza,
Feldman, 1981, p. 127). Cultural anthropologists often associate
this issue with the pupil’s educational process at school. This
brings anthropology and pedagogy closer together in theory and
practice. In the horizontal transfer of cultural codes, pupils learn
from their classmates, while in the vertical transfer they learn
from adults or institutions (such as the school itself, where the
values of culture and tradition are transferred during this process.
This process is interesting only if the mechanisms of learning by
which information is transferred to pupils are also examined.
2 Global culture and its impact on the life of an individual
(pupil)
Global culture does not count with geographical territory and
common historical consciousness is absent. When looking for a
connection between teaching global and regional culture, we
must count on the fact that the goal of this process is also the
self-identification of pupils with their own culture in the process
of enculturation, but there is also a moment of getting to know
and respecting foreign cultures. Interdisciplinarity – especially in
a national context – is therefore very important in the
educational process. Special attention is paid to this issue for
example by Franek, who highlights the literary translation of this
context (Franek, 2013, pp. 138-149).
The process of enculturation is also interesting, as the transfer of
new knowledge to pupils takes place in the context of one’s own
culture, just like acculturation, since this process takes place in
the environment of another culture. The term was introduced by
Melville J. Herskovits (1948), when he claimed that the
individual (pupil) is surrounded by their own culture, which they
gradually acquire through learning. The final "outcome" of this
process is a pupil who is fully able to integrate into micro-
society. In the case of the Slovak national enclave in Romania, it
is more or less enculturation. The pupils have a number of
lessons devoted to the subject of their own regional culture and
the already mentioned pulsation significantly shapes their
personal profile. Their space is expanding with new knowledge
about a particular nearby region, but is also narrowing, for
example, they are also interested in regional cultural
personalities. Today’s regions of Slovaks in Romania are based
on a regional-cultural aspect, for example, they are associated
with applied sociology – for example the demographic
development of Slovak nationality in relation to the influence on
culture. Their effort of sticking to regional elements is the
concretisation of the above-mentioned historical dynamics of the
last two centuries. Their current culture is basically stable, it is
based on historical (hundreds of years existence), cultural
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