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JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
(permanent creation of mental values) and geographical (steady
geographical position) characteristics. The Slovaks in Romania
can therefore be characterized as being in the so-called zone
position.
Art historian Ján Bakoš pointed out the unsustainability of the
centristically absolutist and regionally separating concept, saying
that the creativity of the regions needs to be examined not in
isolation but always in relation to higher systemic units. The
cultural potential of the Slovaks in Romania is characterized not
only in the background of their own pulsation, but also in
relation to other contexts (different region, different language
code, different state, different cultural life, different educational
model, etc.). Literary scientist Oská
r Čepan claimed that
topographical issues have topological (and therefore value)
backgrounds. Obviously, these values of Slovaks in Romania are
valid society-wide, but it is necessary to select and properly
determine the height and depth of their “value” from a global
aspect. What may be interesting for schoolchildren in Nadlak
(for example local superstitions) might not mean anything for
pupils in Bratislava. The decisive moment is not the fact that the
birth value arises in the centre or on the periphery, but whether it
moves with the world. It is about transferring the issue from
geographic to socio-psychological soil. Its characteristic feature
is a certain closure of the region, which is permeable in terms of
system dynamics. Also the Slovaks in Romania (for example
also at school) are creating values, and today they are taken into
account not due to the aspect of living in Banat but because they
have created excellent values of their own existence. In their
relations to the external environment, culture and literature are
oriented according to the particular regions. Energy sources
include the singular, the local and the regional – and the inner
diversity of the local becomes the source of the increasing
complexity and momentum of the global. The creativity of the
region is gradually becoming the condition for the creativity of
the entire global system; however, the systemic links of the
region are a condition of its momentum – and hence its lifetime
(Zajac, 1993, pp. 128-137). In the Central European cultural
context, in the background of literary history and literary theory,
it is important to apply also a comparative point of view, of
course, with the specifics of the nationality. This fact is also
pointed out by the important Slavic expert Ivo Pospíšil (Pospíšil,
2008, pp. 137-148). In his later works, he also listed and
specified characteristics in relation to the area as a geographical-
cultural unit and literature (Pospíšil, 2010, pp. 61-73). Another
important literary scientist Miloš Zelenka wrote about the
meaning of the comparative approach in this constellation
(Zelenka, 2005, pp. 1-15).
3 Regional identity of minority individuals (pupils) – Slovaks
in Romania
The need for the emergence of regional elements – and the
related strengthening of regional identity – is also reflected in
schools due to the strengthening of globalization tendencies. In
schools with the Slovak language of instruction in Romania,
closely related to these elements, these aspects are particularly
important. Even according to the OECD, there is a need to
strengthen pupils’ regional awareness in these schools. It is a
process coming from below, that is, from enthusiastic teachers
who do not hesitate to write a variety of texts and textbooks for
lessons of history and social studies, etc. A special moment is
the fact that at present a working team is being created at the
State Educational Institute in Bratislava, which has the task of
creating framework documents for the teaching of the regional
culture of the Lowland Slovaks as an optional subject for pupils
in Slovakia. Therefore, both primary sources and methodological
guidelines are important. The development of the regional
consciousness of pupils cannot be reduced to the simple
description of folk customs and traditions. This consciousness
should not only be preserved, it must also be extended with the
typical topics of the region. The teaching of traditional culture
must go hand in hand with the teaching of regional realities.
Already in the past, regionalism was understood as “a resultant
of cultural relations, not of the necessity of art... Art has a
common universal home, which is mankind itself” (Rúfus, 1974,
p. 62).
T These relations are also specified in the national culture
of a particular region: for example, in Slovak culture in
Romania.
Romania is a heterogeneous state with multiple minorities in
terms of culture. As a curiosity let us mention that the current
President of Romania – Klaus Iohannis – has Saxon nationality
from Transylvania with German mother tongue. One of the
minorities is (the above mentioned) Slovaks, whose
differentiation is primarily done on the aspect of ethnicity. On a
regional level, this means localities that are inhabited mainly,
respectively partially by the Slovaks. These are located in the
northern part of Banat, Romania, near the town of Nadlak. This
is an economically and culturally relatively advanced population.
The second, a less developed cultural component of the Slovak
population inhabits the northwest of the country in the villages
of the Romanian Ore Mountains, where they are a very special
cultural group even today. Both territories are actually regional
units that contribute to multiculturalism. Its degree in theory and
practice also depends on the upbringing of the younger
generation in schools, where concepts such as ethnicity,
regionalism and globalization are specified.
Slovak compatriot literature is an important part of Slovak
culture abroad. Its expressions are most naturally manifested
through the relations mentioned, because this space is not only
geographic: it also contains “... a distinct spiritual dimension
with its own past and present and definitely also the future. It
contains and corresponds to the inputs and outputs of Slovak
minority literature”
(Harpáň, 2004, p. 84). At the same time, it
should be emphasized that minority culture is the integral,
typical and integral part of Slovak culture (Harpáň, 2004, pp. 12-
18).
The theoretical problem of migration, which is also typical for
Slovak national culture in Romania, can provide impulses also
for addressing the question of the author’s two or multiple
homelands. In this case, the question of the existence of specific
inter-literary relationships and their periodization come to the
foreground, which includes the developmental (a)synchronicity
between the culture of the metropolis (i.e. the centre, for
example Slovakia) and the culture of migration (i.e. the
periphery, for example Slovak culture in Romania). As a
supporting interpretative approach to the phenomenon of (this)
migration, similarly for that reason, the following is pointed out:
“... the respect for its multi-contextualisation, which is
understood not only as a political but also as an artistically
diverse dialogue of cultures, which is primarily auto-
communication within the structured and value-differentiated
system ...” (Zelenka, 2002, p. 46).
Therefore, more and more space is gained by the so called
cultural relativism, which deals with the issue of literature as
cultural memory. It stems from the hermeneutic tradition of
empathy and Gadamerian understanding; accents the importance
of the periphery; the need for mutual penetration of cultures (i.e.
creolization). Several experts have written about the mutual
Slovak-Romanian cultural relations in various aspects. From the
scientific aspect of Slovak national culture in Romania, it was,
for example, the Slovakist Dagmar Mária Anoca (Anoca, 2013,
pp. 411-412).
To a certain extent, there is an identifiable parallel
with the theory of
Dionýz Ďurišin, which rejects any axiological
nature. On the one hand, there are the supporters of aesthetically
delicate analyses of literary texts, on the other hand experts in
interliterariness, who do not see aesthetically but poetically.
Pupils in minority schools in Romania must be led to perceive
the attributes of their own minority and region in the literary
text.
In practice, it can be a question of nationality and its (self)
identification. There is the open question about the proportion of
canonized interpretation and the free description of the principles
governing the (inter) cultural communication process. This
mutual relationship – in the background of some liberalism – is
thus a reflection bridge while working with literature as an
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