AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
important component of culture. Its centre is a text that is to be
understood as a systematic place for possible interpretations:
their number refers to “... not only the given text, but also texts
which, due to various contexts, are layered them, respectively,
which, for the sake of better understanding, must be layered on
them” (Corbineau – Hoffmannová, 2008, p. 40). This is the way
knowledge of the surroundings, region and state is layered at
pupils in Slovak minority schools in Romania – that is, there is a
distinct spiritual path from the regional to the global (of course,
while maintaining all aspects).
The text as a whole has an important deal with the foreign: with
the influence of different cultures. This is how culture operates
in interliterary contexts. Texts very often create images that must
be captured perceptually and interpretatively by the reader
through a critical analysis. For example, the journeys of heroes
to foreign countries – cultural areas – can be the concretization
of culture. So there is an image of the self and the image of the
foreign (also) in Slovak minority culture and literature in
Romania. The second aspect can only be identified on the bases
of our own culture – as culture foreign to ours. This opposition
between the foreign and the familiar is created not only by
nationalities but also by several cultures (Corbineau –
Hoffmannová, 2008, pp. 121-123).
From Aristotle’s Poetics to the present day, authors feel the
tension between the unique and the universal, that is, between
the regional and the universal. It may seem that a certain motive,
verbal expression or arrangement that we have and know within
our (up to a certain extent a rather limited) cultural and literary
world is not a local phenomenon but the feature of a wider
reality (culture). Johann Wolfgang Goethe himself believed in
the existence of national literatures, by which he allowed
dialogue between the regional and the universal. Nevertheless, in
this process it is important to observe also the starting points of
the study of the issue of Slovak literary science and its
theoretical initiatives. This was supported by Peter Zajac, too
(Zajac, 2008, pp. 99-109).
The so-called Geertz method is an important methodological and
pedagogically useful research method. According to her, the
understanding of culture can only be in the background of the
consistent interpretation of the individual’s own national
existence in the background not only of multicultural but also of
regional education (Geertz, In: Bohannan, Glazer, 1997, p. 712).
Geertz’s understanding of culture is based on a semiotic aspect.
According to this, an individual (pupil) lives in a certain network
of meanings, which have been created by him/her. The network
also includes abstracted meanings, later explanations and
analyses. The centre of this analysis is interpretation that is one
of the most important methods of understanding abstract and
specific things as well as correlations for pupils in the school
environment. Therefore, the variety of meanings in the cultural
field is significant. According to John B. Goodenegh, the pupils’
knowledge, skills and habits create a system of cognitive
knowledge, which is the basic pillar of the ability to understand
and interpret the world.
4 The segment of national culture as the starting point and
the objective of the regional and the global
The Slovak national minority in Romania was not created
because of its own will but “... it is the result of complex
historical and political circumstances and connections ... it is
also a unique phenomenon ... The relationship between the
centre and the periphery ... can be ... named as the
consciousness of the twofold relationship between the whole and
the part ...”
(Harpáň, 2000, p. 27 and p. 29). However, the
phenomenon is not a closed and static system, defined state-
politically but open and dynamic. Slovak compatriot culture can
therefore be understood as a literary expression of the region.
The very incorporation of “being Slovak” in Romania into the
entire Slovak cultural context is “... unshakable, yet it is not a
one-off and simple matter. It occurs on various levels ... The
highest level all other levels are connected to emerges from the
essence of the pluralist development of the entire literature in the
country: one of its developmental segments, forming a whole, is
minority literature” (Harpáň, 2004, p. 76). From this point of
view, national literature as the manifestation of culture belongs
to the specific interliterary community. This concept as a model
phenomenon of the interliterary process in Slovak literary
science was first defined by Dionýz Ďurišin, who claimed that
the specificity of the national culture manifests itself in the fact
that it develops and typologically determines itself in relation to
several literary contexts: the context of national culture, the
context of the regional, resp. state department, and its own
developmental or typological context.
National culture involves the typological category of being
special. The individual is to be understood as a national-literary
context and the general as the interliterary; the special as the
context of inter-literary communities. At a certain level, in the
context of national literature, there is a tendency to stand apart
from the individual category, when the special begins to function
and typologically manifest itself as the new individual. This type
of national literature in the inter-literary community “... is not
subordinated by a more developed and larger national-political
context, but is determined in relation to them ... The literary-
historical material of national literatures points at their
relations to several national-literary contexts quite clearly”
(Harpáň, 2000, pp. 13-14). In relation to the Slovak national-
literary context, Slovak culture in Romania was manifested in
thematic specialty, conditioned by its own ethnic environment
and elements of regional colour. This actually starts with a
certain development-typological parallel of the special and the
individual context. In later development, however, the opposite
process can be observed: the efforts of individual writers to
overcome the typology of local colour and to give their literary
testimonies a more universal form.
The category of the special, which is typologically characteristic
for national literature, has not only a differentiation but also an
integration and complementary function. This is reflected in
most of the texts of authors of Slovak nationality in Romania.
From the middle of the 19th century until the first third of the
20th century there was a certain genetic contact with the mother
country. This state of affairs was, of course, determined by the
Austro-Hungarian Empire and by the (e)migration of population.
In the development of the cultural activity and literary creation
of the Slovaks there, we must mention Ľudovít Haan, Daniel
Zajac, Ivan Bujna or Ondrej Seberíni, who came to Nadlak, the
centre of the Slovaks in Romania, to be a priest, Jozef Gregor
Tajovský, who came for occupational reasons from the northern
region as an accountant, and Peter Suchanský, who (as the
opposite case) left for Czechoslovakia in the inter-war period. In
the post-war development of this literature, these life paths were
determined mainly by university studies and the subsequent
fulfilment of the position of Slovak intelligence in Romania. It
mainly involved travels to Bucharest, Timisoara, Bihor,
Moldavia and so on. It is important to create a time limit for this
literary development: from 1853 (the first cultural mention of the
Slovaks in Romania) until the first third of the 20th century, the
above-mentioned genetic contact is reflected in their writings
(for example, the journey of the heroes to the city of Martin by a
steamship in the prose of Ondrej Seberíni). After 1945, this
relationship changes. Until the end of the 1970s, there was a
publication vacuum. From that period to 1989, we can talk about
a kind of parallel development in the direction of mother culture
and low interest of Czechoslovakia in the writings of Slovaks in
Romania. At that time, Slovak writings in Romania were quite
isolated, thematically “reduced”, for example, as an interesting
fact there was the description of a trip to the Black Sea coast or
Bihor. This arc, of course, is also reflected in the testimonies and
replicas of the heroes, in which both own and foreign elements
are mixed. On this basis, texts or particular linguistic situations –
dialogues, intertexts – are polyphonic. However, it is necessary
to add that this phenomenon only makes the cultural context in
question special, it is not a central phenomenon, but a unique
one that concretises the aforementioned claims, and is in a
certain sense - even to a minimal extent – an occasional and
regional characteristic feature.
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