AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
2.1 Indicators description
Global Competitiveness Index GCI - Competitiveness can be
measured from a number of perspectives. We choose the Global
Competitiveness Index, published annually by the World
Economic Forum. Since 1979, this institution has published the
Global Competitiveness Report on selected countries of the
world. This report is one of the most comprehensive sources of
information on the comparative benefits of economies around
the world. The GCI index consists of 114 indicators, which are
grouped into 3 subindexes. (Schwab et al., 2016)
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - Economic growth is
usually defined as an increase in the goods and services
produced by an economy in given period. (O’Neill, 2014) The
GDP growth represents the total growth in goods and services
for each country. (Bahloul - Bouri, 2016) This indicator is used
in macroeconomics, to set the efficiency of the economy of the
country.
Unemployment rate - The unemployment rate is the number of
unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force.
(Layard, 2005) That rate means all persons, that are able to work
and their age are between 17 and 64 years, but don't have work,
compared to whole labour force of the country. The
unemployment is negative phenomenon of the economy.
Written Premium - It is an important indicator of insurance
market. Written premium is the sum of all premiums paid to
insurance companies in one year. (Burca - Batrinca, 2014) When
we divide insurance into life and non-life insurance, we can
divide written premiums that way, too. So, the written premium
in life insurance is an important indicator for insurance market
and whole economy growth, because, in developing countries is
this indicator very low. (Outreville, 1996) When compared
written premium in life and non-life insurance, in developing
countries in life area are values under 50 %. (Arena, 2008) In the
case of market economy, the higher level of development shows
the country's economy, the higher value (above 50 %) achieves
the written premium in life compared to non-life. (Chen, Lee -
Lee, 2012)
Penetration - There are two commonly-used indicators of the
importance of insurance in the national economy (or
alternatively, the level of insurance protection) – insurance
density and insurance penetration. (Bernat - Grundey, 2007)
Insurance penetration is calculated as the ratio of total insurance
premiums – or premiums at the market level – to the country’s
GDP. (Kwon - Wolfron, 2017) It as an important indicator for
insurance. It measures the significance of the insurance industry
in comparison to country's economic activity. (Bahloul - Bouri,
2016)
Concentratio Ratio - As a measure of market concentration
different indicators are used. The most commonly used are the
Concentration Ratio (CR) and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index
(HHI).
(Hečkova - Chapčakova, 2011), (Kramaric - Pavic Kitic,
2013), (Sharku - Shehu, 2016) Concentration ratio is a simple
measure of industrial concentration and is based on calculation
of the size of the market share of m largest firms in the industry.
In the example of insurance market it shows the share of gross
written premiums that was achieved by the greatest competitors
in relation to the total gross written premium that was achieved
by the entire insurance industry in the respective year. (Brezina
et al., 2012), (Širá, 2013), (Kramaric – Pavic Kitic, 2013)
∑
=
=
m
i
i
m
s
CR
1
for i = 1, 2. …, m; m
∈ <1, n>
where:
s
i
- market share and
m - number of measured firms
It is a simple sum of their market shares, where the number of
companies for the calculation may vary depending on the study
objective or the total number of companies in the industry. The
number often ranges from 3 to 10. E.g. The world know
Financial market supervisory authorities such as BaFin in
Germany monitors the largest 15 companies, Finma in
Switzerland monitors the largest 5 companies, EIOPA collects
and publishes data on concentration in the largest 3, 5 and 10
companies. (Kwon - Wolfron, 2017) Bahloul and Bouri (2016)
and other authors monitor concentration of 5 biggest insurance
companies.
This indicator can take values from the interval 0 ≤ CR
n
≤ 100.
(Šira - Radvanska, 2014) A lower concentration ratio generally
means a higher level of competition in the market or the country.
Conversely, a high ratio implies the possible presence of
monopolistic competition or oligopoly (a ratio of 100 means full
control of the market by the largest companies or the market is
probably not privatised). (Kwon - Wolfron, 2017), (Kramaric -
Pavic Kitic, 2013).
3 Discussion
Firstly, we have shown the development of some indicators, and
secondly, we have analysed the relationships among settled
areas.
First of all, we analysed the development of GDP. For better
comparison, we choose the values of GDP per capita. As we can
see below, the highest values of GDP per capita were obtained
for the whole analysed period in the Czech Republic, the lowest
values were in Poland. GDP has had in all V4 countries growing
tendency. The biggest growth was in the case of the Slovak
Republic.
Figure 1 GDP per capita
Source: own processing
The second indicator for evaluation of the economy's
performance, was unemployment. The unemployment in the
monitored period was a moderately declining, or had steady
trend (in the Czech Republic). But when we compare the average
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