AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
SD of the dependent variable 1,025377; Standard error of residuals = 0,883530
R-square = 0,350343
F(2, 14) = 3,774922 p - value for F test = 0,048841
Source: own elaboration based on [Eurostat, OECD].
The data in the table 3 point out that the nominal main ECB
interest rate and the nominal main ECB interest rate lagged by
one year had a statistically significant effect on the first
differences of the inflation rate (HICP) in the euro area in the
sampled years. The t-Student statistics of 2.744 and -2,287 at p-
values of 0.0158 (< p=0.05) and 0,0383 (< p=0.05) indicate that
there is a 95% probability that in that period the first differences
of the rate of inflation (HICP) was statistically significantly
determined by the nominal main ECB interest rate and the
nominal main ECB interest rate lagged by one year.
The value of the coefficient for variable IR_ECB_1 in table 3 is
negative (
−0.725742), meaning that the influence of ECB
interest rates lagged by one year on the first differences of the
inflation rate HICP in euro area is consistent with economic
theory. Further, the coefficient for the nominal main ECB
interest rate is positive (0.827430), indicating that the first
differences in inflation rate in the euro area increase as the ECB
raises the nominal main ECB interest rate. The last dependency
could be a result of financial crisis and a very low inflation in
spite of low interest rates.
Na tę ostatnią zależność mógł mieć
wpływ kryzys finansowy oraz bardzo niska inflacja pomimo
niskich stóp procentowych.
In the table 4 the independent variables in the analysis were the
real GG deficit in the euro area [DEF_real], real GG deficit in
euro area lagged by one year [DEF_real_1] and the nominal
ECB’s main interest rate [IR_ECB]; the dependent variable was
the first differences of the inflation rate (HICP) in the euro area
[d_INF_EUR].
Table 4 The dependent variable (Y): d_INF_EUR; independent
variables (X) – DEF_real, DEF_real_1 and IR_ECB
Variable
name
Coefficient
Standard
error
t-
Student
p-value
Const
−1,30473
0,744109
−1,753
0,1031
DEF_real
3,64503e-06
1,62790e-06
2,239
0,0433**
DEF_real_1
−5,35224e-06
1,76779e-06
−3,028
0,0097***
IR_ECB
0,407635
0,176935
2,304
0,0384 **
Selected regression statistics and analysis of variance; n=17 observations from
2000-2016
SD of the dependent variable 1,025377; Standard error of residuals = 0,812285
R-square 0,490114
F(3, 13) 4,165297 p-value for F test 0,028451
Source: own elaboration based on [Eurostat, OECD].
The above data indicate that independent variables – real GG
deficit and real GG deficit lagged by one year and nominal
ECB`s main interest rate statistically significantly influenced the
first differences of the real inflation rate in the euro area in the
analysed period.
The t-Student statistics of
2,239, −3,028 and
2,304 at p-values of 0,0433 (< p=0.05), 0,0097 (< p=0.05) and
0,0384 (< p=0.05), respectively, indicate that there is a 95%
probability that in that period the first differences of the inflation
rate was statistically significantly determined by the real GG
deficit, real GG deficit lagged by one year and ECB`s main
interest rate in the euro area.
The value of the coefficient for variable DEF_real in table 4 is
positive (3,64503e-06), meaning that the influence of real GG
deficit on the first differences of the inflation rate HICP in euro
area is consistent with economic theory. Further, the coefficient
for the real GG deficit lagged by one year in euro area is
negative (
−5,35224e-06), indicating that the first differences in
inflation rate in the euro area increase as the governments raise
the real GG deficits (variable lagged by one year). The last
dependency could have been affected by impact of turbulences
in financial markets connected with the last financial crisis
.
Table 5 shows the regression results for the euro area. In this
case, the independent variables were the ECB’s main refinancing
operation rate [IR_ECB] and the ECB’s main refinancing
operation rate lagged by one year [IR_ECB_1]; the dependent
variable was the first differences of the real GDP in the euro area
[d_GDP_real].
Table 5 The dependent variable (Y): d_GDP_real; independent
variables (X) – IR_ECB and IR_ECB_1
Variable name
Coefficient
Standard
error
t-
Student
p-value
Const
155466
66944,3
2,322
0,0358 **
IR_ECB
199173
50250,8
3,964
0,0014 ***
IR_ECB_1
−206394
52899,6
−3,902
0,0016 ***
Selected regression statistics and analysis of variance; n=17 observations from
2000-2016
SD of the dependent variable 203853,9; Standard error of residuals = 147262,7
R-square 0,543379
F(2, 14) 8,330016 p-value for F test 0,004139
Source: own elaboration based on [Eurostat, OECD].
An analysis of the data in table 5 leads to a conclusion that the
ECB’s nominal interest rate and the nominal ECB interest rate
lagged by one year had a statistically significant influence on the
first differences of the real GDP in the euro area. In this case, the
t-Student statistics are 3,964 and -3,902 at p-values of 0.0014
(<p=0.05) and 0,0016 (<p=0.05), respectively, meaning that in
the period under consideration the
ECB’s nominal interest rate
and the nominal ECB interest rate lagged by one year rate
had a
statistically significant influence on the first differences of the
real GDP. The numbers also indicate a probability of 95% that
the ECB`s nominal interest rate and ECB`s nominal rate lagged
by one year had a statistically significantly influence on the first
differences of the real GDP in euro area in 1999 – 2016.
As in the previous case, in table 5 the coefficient is negative
(−206394) only for the ECB’s main rate lagged by one year,
implying, again, that the effect of ECB interest rates lagged by
one year on the first differences in real GDP in Poland was
consistent with economic theory.
The positive value of the
coefficient for the ECB’s nominal interest rate (199173)
indicates that the raising of interest rates by the ECB stimulates
growth of the first differences of the real GDP, which could be
related to financial crisis, low interest rates and, first of all, to
inflation expectations of market participants.
Table 6 also contains the regression results for the euro area. The
independent variables were the nominal main ECB interest rate
lagged by one year [IR_ECB_1] and the real GG deficit in the
euro area [DEF_real]; the dependent variable was the first
differences of the real GDP in the euro area [d_GDP_real].
Table 6 The dependent variable (Y): d_GDP_real; independent
variables (X) – IR_ECB_1 and DEF_real
Variable
name
Coefficient
Standard
error
t- Student
p-value
Const
435728
94829,6
4,5949
0,0004***
IR_ECB_1
−36674,8
27008,1
−1,3579
0,1960
DEF_real
0,896843
0,221996
4,0399
0,0012***
Selected regression statistics and analysis of variance; n=17 observations from
2000-2016
SD of the dependent variable 203853,9; Standard error of residuals = 145771,3
R-square 0,552581
F(2, 14) 8,645304 p-value for F test 0,003589
Source: own elaboration based on [Eurostat, OECD].
An analysis of the data in table 6 leads to a conclusion that the
real GG deficit had a statistically significant influence on the
first differences of the real GDP in the euro area. In this case, the
t-Student statistic is 4,0399 at p-value of 0,0012 (<p=0.05),
meaning that in the period under consideration the real GG
deficit in euro area had a statistically significant influence on the
first differences of the real GDP. The numbers also indicate a
- 208 -