AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
ADOLESCENT'S PERSONALITY THROUGH BIG FIVE MODEL: THE RELATION WITH
PARENTING STYLES
a
ROBERT TOMŠIK,
b
MICHAL ČEREŠNÍK
a
Constantine the Philosopher University, Faculty of Education,
Department of Pedagogy, Dražovská 4, Post code: 949 74,
Nitra, Slovakia
email:
a
robert.tomsik@ukf.sk,
b
mceresnik@ukf.sk
Paper is published within the frame of the project Vega 1/0122/17 Risk behavior and
attachment of the adolescents aged from 10 to 15
Abstract: The paper deals with the parenting styles and their influence on the
personality dimensions of the adolescent. Certain parenting and certain educational
practices enhance the personality characteristics of the child at different levels.
Personality dimensions were examined using the Big Five model, specifically the
NEO FFI questionnaire. The parenting styles were examined using a DZSVR
questionnaire which identifies four basic educational styles: autocratic, liberal,
integrative and indifferent, based on level of component of requirements and freedom.
On a sample of 402 adolescents, we found that there is a strong correlation between
parenting styles and adolescents personality dimensions, and we found differences in
personality dimension between research groups (parenting styles). An integrative and
liberal parenting styles support the personality dimensions as the consciousness,
extraversion and openness, while autocratic and indifferent parenting styles support
the neuroticism.
Keywords: parenting styles, personality traits, liberal, autocratic, democratic,
indifferent, NEO FFI
1 Introduction
The influence of the family environment on personality
development is often topic of discussion in psychological,
pedagogical and biological sciences. The most common problem
is the identification of the impact of external and internal factors
on the personality development. As some researches have shown
(Johnson, A. M., Vernon, P. A., Feiler, A. R. et al. 2008),
internal determinants are important factors in the personality
development and its characteristics, but the prevalence of
internal factors is being questioned because children tend to copy
and mimic the behavior of their parents. The family is the most
important external factor in personality development. Parenting
styles influences the formation of personality to a significant
extent. As has been shown in various analyses (for example
Lasoya, S. H. et al., 1997; Prinzie, P. et al., 2009), negative
control, strictness, and lack of emotionality in the family form a
trait of neuroticism and poorly develops agreeableness and
openness to experience. While supportive parenting styles and
emotionality rich family environment support development of
these personality dimensions, and individuals are more
emotionally stable. Based on these assertions, we assume that
the quality of the attachment among the adolescent and his/her
parents represented by the parenting style has the influence on
the personality dimensions quality. We will try to confirm the
assumptions and identify the association between the parenting
styles and personality dimensions using the Big Five construct.
Consequently, we will try to found differences in the personality
dimensions of adolescents who have been raised with different
parenting styles.
1.1 Theoretical background: defining the basic concepts
The concept of personality is defined in many ways. However,
most often, personality is defined as a person with all the social,
psychological and biological features that include the psychic
processes, conditions and properties of a person. Every person is
unique in his/her interests, opinions, thoughts or qualities. The
notion of personality includes the needs of person, drives,
interests, talents, values, character and temperament. All these
elements form personality. Its component is also the primary and
secondary characteristics of the personality. These primary ones
are qualities that are innate and based on the naturalness of each
person, for example temperament. The secondary characteristics
of a personality are those that one’s acquire during life, such as
personality traits (Říčan P., 2010; Bělková, P., 2013).
Personality development and its improvement over the life is the
result of various influences and education, and is also
conditioned by inherited attributes. The process of personality
shaping starts before birth of child, but the most intense is in the
period of adolescence. Improvement and personality
development continues throughout life, but this progress is
considerably smaller compared to childhood and adolescence.
There are a lot of factors that determine the personality
development and have influence on this process, but the most
significant are hereditary, society and family environment, also
mentioned as internal and external determinants.
Internal determinants are defined as the hereditary features of the
personality, specifically the heritage of previous generations and
the factors that influenced the development of individual during
prenatal and perinatal period
(Strejček, J., 2009). M. Nakonečný
(1995) states that the term inheritance means the tendency of the
organism to preserve and pass on the traits and characteristics of
the ancestor to descendent through genes (hereditary
information). Into category of inherited personality features we
also include the inherited assumptions, signs and characteristics
that arose in the prenatal period, as we mention before. But,
inheritance does not create integral and unchangeable features of
personality, but only assumptions that are of certain quality, as
they develop, depend on other external influences (Končeková,
Ľ., 2005).
Another important determinant of the personality of the child is
the school and the individual's own activity, because child lives a
significant part of his childhood, puberty and adolescence, in this
environment. The school enters into the child's educational
process, along with family and community. The school
significantly supports the complex development of individuals’
personality and prepares them for their personal, working and
civic life. The school's greatest importance in shaping the
personality of the individual is the influence on the formation of
ethical and moral values (in addition, the school also
significantly influences the development of the individual's
body, skill development, talent, etc.).
Greater influence on personality formation has the material and
social environment of the individual. Material environment
means environmental quality (climatic conditions, natural
environment, environmental changes, etc.), while the social
environment is the environment in which a person grows (most
often a family and a school;
Strejček, J., 2009). According to I.
Šnýdrová (2008) family is the most important factor, which
influences the formation and maturation of the personality.
Parents and other members of the family becomes the target of
observation and unintentional imitation from the lowest age of
the child. As stated I. Šnýdrová (2008), personality shaping is a
direct reflection of the quality of the family. Lack of childcare
and educational patterns shapes adverse personality traits.
Parentally neglected are mainly children of uncultivated parents,
but also paradoxically children in families with a high socio-
economic status, where parents do not have time for children,
where the child is unwelcome or is in the background in a
number of other parental values. These and other disorders of the
family atmosphere misinterpret the development of the
personality of the child, because children take and consolidate
mainly unfavorable patterns of behavior (Šnýdrová, I., 2008).
The individual in the family environment gains first views of life
and the world, shaping the basic characters of the personality
because he/she spends in family environment a considerable part
of their lives. The roots of raising problems can be found in
several aspects of parenting caused by parental behavior:
perfectionism, parental indifference, unilateralism, inadequacy
of parenting tools, inappropriate parenting practices for the age
of the child, inappropriate parenting practices to the child's
abilities, overworking neglect etc. (Šturák, P., 2005). Among the
basic conditions of positive education are mainly: love from
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