AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
parents, positive emotional relationships, parental authority,
harmonious relationships among family members, realistic
parenting attitudes towards children and proper parental roles in
parenting activity, positive example of parents and siblings,
order of family life and appropriate requirements for behavior of
the child (Havran, J., 1998).
The family can be the source of happiness, satisfaction and love,
but also the source of dissatisfaction, conflict and suffering
which lead to the risk behavior production. In risk families,
children with parents and siblings have negative relationships.
The result is anxiety, negative personality traits and other
pathological phenomena.
According to J. Čáp (1996), on the
basis of research, he found that stricter parenting style leads the
child to be introvert person, less confident and unhappy.
According to the empirical findings and theoretical assumptions
of some authors (Clark, L. A. et al., 2000;
Čáp, J., Boshek, P.,
1996; Fontana, D., 1997; Lasoya, S. H. et al., 1997; Šturák, P.,
2005) different parenting style shapes different types of
personality, with different characteristics of the child's
personality. In the following text we will describe the most
reported types of parenting styles and their reflection on the
personality of the child, the future adult individual (these
constructs are only of theoretical basis, concrete empirical
evidence is given in the next section):
The integrative parenting style (also known as democratic):
parent requires from child to behave reasonably and socially
at a level appropriate to his or her age and abilities (Šturák,
P., 2005, p. 5). Parents are trusted, caring and curious about
the views and feelings of their child. The parent reasonably
justifies their decisions. The integrative parenting style is
considered the most appropriate, which also positively
influence the behavior of the child. One does tend to be
independent, self-confident, friendly, satisfied, striving for
the best performance and success.
The autocratic parenting style (also known as authoritarian),
as well as most of parenting styles, have its positives (the
authority necessary to overcome the Electra and Oedipus
complex) and its negatives (Tomšik, R., 2015) – feats are
enforced and two-way communication is lacking. Parents
require obedience, respect for authority, the traditions and
hard work. Such parenting behavior results into following
personality traits of the children: they tend to social
isolation, loneliness, lack of spontaneity; girls often tend to
be depended and without effort for good performance, boys
tend to be aggressive.
Liberal parenting style (also known as leaning): parents
demand little from the child. They are receptive, responsive
and child-oriented. This parenting style results in a positive
emotional affinity for the child, but he/she is immature, does
not control impulses, have lack of social responsibility, and
cannot rely on self. There is also a tendency towards
aggressive behavior (Fontana, D., 1997).
When parents raise up the child by neglecting parenting style
(also known as indifferent or uninvolved) we can characterize
them as too busy, not involved in the lives of children, without
interest in what they are dealing with. Among these members
there is a lack of two-way communication or parents tend to
avoid communication with child, the parents tend to ignore the
opinions and feelings of his children. This parenting style gives
the child various distractions in behavior. Individuals tend to
have mood swing. They often cannot control their feelings,
impulses, and do not care about schooling and school-related
activities. They are often tend to school truancy and use drugs
and other addictive substances which are the basic forms of the
risk behavior of the adolescents (Šturák, P., 2005).
1.2 Influence of parenting styles on personality dimensions:
empirical evidence and research objectives
The correlation between the parenting styles and the personality
dimensions of the child has been addressed in the research field
by, for example, S. H. Lasoya et al. (1997), R. M. Huver et al.
(2010), E. F. Sleddens et al. (2014), M.E. Maddahi et al. (2012)
and P. Prinzie et al. (2009). Researches have revealed some
patterns and evidence that there are significant relationships
between these variables. The problem arises when comparing the
results of the research, since the same research methods for
mapping parenting styles were not used. Nevertheless, we have
tried to compare the findings of the researches. The most
common model of parenting methods was detected using the
Support, Control, Negative control, and Negative affect variables
– support and control as elements of the integrative parenting
style and negative, strict control and lack of emotionality as
elements of indifferent parenting style. The results of the studies
are given in Table 1 and described in further text:
Extraversion is related to the parenting style that is characterized
by a high level of support and control – authoritarian
(integrative), liberal and autocratic parenting style. In some
cases (for example Sleddens, F. C. et al., 2009, Prinzie, P. et al.,
2009) negative relationship of extraversion and negative control
was also found.
In all cases, consciousness is correlated with a higher level of
parental support and control, and negative control (S. H. Lasoya
et al., 1997; P. Prinzie et al., 2009).
Agreeableness in all research is positively correlated with a
higher level of parental support and control, and negatively with
negative control and negative affects (Lasoya, S. H. et al,, 1997)
– the highest level of statistical correlation compared to other
dimensions.
The personality dimension neuroticism, contrary to emotional
stability, received the greatest attention in scientific research,
probably because the correlation between neuroticism and
parenting style is quite predictive. Neurotic parents are
considered less competent for rising up. S. H. Lasoya et al.
(1997) found that neuroticism is related to the absence of family
"heat" and was in significant correlated with negative affects. In
all previous studies, decreased emotional stability was also
associated with strictness and negative control. The same level
of correlation between neuroticism and autocratic parenting
style was also found in research by M. E. Maddahi (2012). The
direct impact of autocratic parenting style on the personality
dimension neuroticism (R
2
= 0.380) was found by J. A. D. Datu
(2012) using linear regression analysis
Openness, like extraversion, correlated with integrative style. In
research by Lasoya, S. H. et al. (1997; r = -0.180) and F.C.
Sleddens et al. (2014) with positive support, and with negative
control (r = -0.110) in research by P. Prinzie et al. (2009).
Table 1: Overview of studies measuring correlation between
NEO FFI personality dimensions and family parenting styles.
Authorship
Support
Control
Negative
control
Negative
affect
S.H. Lasoya
et al., (1997);
n=313
N
-0.28
0.17
0.34
0.31
E
0.34
ns
ns
ns
O
0.47
0.30
ns
ns
P
0.38
0.26
-0.29
-0.17
S
0.29
0.15
-0.15
ns
E. F. C.
Sleddens et
al., (2014);
n=821
N
-0.20
ns
0.32
-
E
0.27
0.08
-0.17
-
O
0.29
ns
-0.18
-
P
0.42
0.14
-0.21
-
S
0.14
0.18
ns
-
R.M.E. Huver
et al., (2010);
n=688
N
ns
-
0.11
-
E
0.24
-
ns
-
O
0.15
-
ns
-
P
0.37
-
-0.13
-
S
0.12
-
ns
-
P. Prinzie et
al., (2009);
n=3778
N
-0.17
-
0.14
-
E
0.14
-
-0.10
-
O
0.16
-
-0.11
-
P
0.19
-
-0.10
-
S
0.11
-
-0.10
-
*Note: n– number; N– neuroticism; E– extraversion; O–
openness; P– agreeableness; S– consciousness; ns– correlation
is not significant.
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