AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
The results of research by authors such as J. Belsky, S. R. Jaffee
(2006), G. Kochanska, N. Aksan, K. E. Nichols (2003), C. L.
Smith et al. (2007) who used Eysenck Personality
Questionnaires, the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire
and the NEO PI, found the same results or very similar results.
Some of the research also found the relationship between these
variables (Huver, R. M. E. et al., 2010; Clarke, T. L., 2006).
Their comparison is challenging due to the different settings of
the research samples and the research objectives themselves. R.
M. Huver et al. (2010) found that negative control is a good
predictor of neuroticism (β = 0.100) and that support is a good
predictor of extraversion (β = 0.130) and agreeableness (β =
0.220). T. L. Clarke (2006) identified the significant impact of
support on the personality dimensions agreeableness and
consciousness (β = 0.108) and the impact of
inconsistent/indifferent parenting style on the personality
dimension neuroticism (β = 0.374) using linear regression
analysis.
Based on previous research, we formulate the following
predictions (hypothesis) on the differences between the levels of
personality dimensions of individuals raised up with different
parenting styles:
We assume that individuals who are raised up by the
autocratic and indifferent parenting style will achieve a
higher level of neuroticism compared to individuals who
have been raised up with liberal and integrative parenting
style (H
1
);
We assume that individuals who are raised up with the
autocratic and indifferent parenting style will achieve a
lower level of extraversion compared to individuals who
have been raised up with liberal and integrative parenting
style (H
2
);
We assume that individuals who are raised up with the
liberal, autocratic and integrative parenting style will
achieve a lower level of consciousness, agreeableness and
openness compared to individuals who have been raised up
with integrative parenting style (H
3
).
2 Research sample
The research sample consists of university adolescents from
Slovak universities from the fallowing regions: Nitra, Bratislava,
Banská
Bystrica, Prešov, Trenčín, Trnava and Žilina. In total
402 adolescents of the first year of bachelor studies were
involved in the research. In the academic year 2014/2015 was
admitted to the first years around 3300 adolescents. According to
the approximation of D. W. Morgan and R. V. Krejcie (1970; In:
Tomšik, R., 2016), at least 346 respondents must be included in
the set, with a percentage distribution corresponding to the size
of the basic set in each region. This criterion is fulfilled. A
research sample consists of 119 male and 266 female
respondents (17 uncategorized), with an average age of M = 20.5
years. During research 500 questionnaires were distributed,
which means that the return of the questionnaires was 80.4 %.
2.1 Methods
Standardized research tools were chosen for the valid results of
the study, whose internal consistency and reliability is not
disrupted. The standardized
questionnaire
DZSVR
(Questionnaire for detecting of parenting styles in family,
originally in Slovak:
Dotazník na zisťovanie štýlov výchovy v
rodine hereinafter DZSVR) for detecting parenting styles and for
measurement personality traits we choose standardized NEO FFI
Personality Inventory.
The authors of the DZSVR
questionnaire are J. Čáp and P.
Boschek (1994). In this questionnaire adolescents denounce the
behavior of their parents, mother and father in particular, in the
most common situations. From the beginning of the seventies,
the questionnaire was gradually modified on the basis of the
results on various researches. In its current form, the
questionnaires consist of 40 items, ten for each of the four
parenting components. The questionnaire contains a positive and
negative component of the relationship between patents and
adolescent, a component of requirements and freedom that
corresponds to parental attitudes (based on Schludermann’s and
Schaefer’s CRPBI questionnaire): positive, hostile, directive and
autonomous. The items are administered separately for the
mother and father and the answers are recorded on the three-
point scale (yes, partially, no). By combining the individual
components of education, it is possible to identify the emotional
relationship of parents to the adolescent, educational styles in the
family and then the overall way of family education (parenting
styles). The scale is composed of nine components and with their
combination we find the following information:
Emotional relationship of each parent is generated by the
synthesis of the positive and negative component of parenting.
The style of parental control is generated by the synthesis of
components of requirements and freedom.
By synthesizing the emotional relationship of father and
mother we generate an emotional relationship in the family
as a whole.
By synthesizing the control style of father and mother, we
will achieve parenting control in the family as a whole.
And by synthesizing the emotional relationship and the
parenting control in the family as a whole, we will reach the
parenting style in the family as a whole.
On the basis of these analyzes it is possible to identify four
parenting styles: integrative, indifferent, liberal and autocratic.
Cronbach's alpha of
subclass ranges from 0.59 to 0.82 (Čáp, J.,
Boschek, P., 1994; Mayerová, K., 2013).
NEO Five Factor (NEO FFI) is a personality inventory that
examines a person's Big Five personality traits (openness to
experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and
neuroticism). The authors of the NEO FFI questionnaire are R.
R. McCrae and P. T. Costa (Slovak version by I. Ruisel and P.
Halama, 2007). Cronbach's alpha of questionnaire is 0.87
(Hřebíčková, M., 2004). Questionnaire consists of 60 items
(Likert type), twelve for each personality dimension:
Openness to experience: (inventive/curious vs. consistent/
cautious). Openness reflects the degree of intellectual
curiosity,
Conscientiousness: (efficient/organized vs. easy-going/
careless). A tendency to be organized and dependable, show
self-discipline, act dutifully, aim for achievement, and prefer
planned rather than spontaneous behavior.
Extraversion: (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved).
Energy, positive emotions, surgency, assertiveness,
sociability and the tendency to seek stimulation in the
company of others, and talkativeness.
Agreeableness: (friendly/compassionate vs. challenging
/detached). A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative
rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others.
Neuroticism: (sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident). The
tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as
anger, anxiety, depression, and vulnerability.
2.2 Data analysis
For the description of the research data, for detecting
associations between variables and for detecting differences
between research groups were used statistical programs SPSS
(Statistical Package for Social Science ver. 20) and STATA 13
for Microsoft Windows. MCAR test (Little's Missing
Completely at Random) was used to verify the missing data.
After assuring that the data in the file is missing randomly, the
Missing Value Analysis (Expectation-Maximization) method
was applied to replace the missing data. To verify the normality
of the research data the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk
tests were used. To determine the correlation and magnitude of
the effect between parenting styles and personality dimensions
of NEO FFI, we used the Eta coefficient, while we used
Kruskal-Wallis test and LSD analysis to find differences in
personality dimensions between research groups (Tomšik, R.,
2016).
- 227 -