AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
3 Results
In research, before statistical analyses, we determine the
normality of the distribution of research data using Skewness,
Kurtosis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov KS test with Lilliefors
correction and Shapiro-Wilk test. Although the skewness and
kurtosis of the majority of variables were given within -1 to 1,
the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Shapiro-Wilk test indicate
that the variables do not fulfill the criteria of normality. Based on
these results, we chose non-parametric tests for further statistical
analyses.
Table 2 presents findings of the representation of individual
parenting styles in the research sample. Of the total number of
respondents (N = 402), the largest part of respondents were
raised up with indifferent parenting style 58.7% (n = 236). With
autocratic parenting style were raised up 15.9% (n = 64) of
respondents, 13.2% (n = 53) of respondents were raised up with
the liberal parenting style, while the 12.2% (n = 49) of
respondents were raised up with integrative parenting style.
Table 2: Distribution of parenting styles in research sample.
Parenting style
N
%
%
V
%
C
Autocratic
64
15.9
15.9
15.9
Liberal
53
13.2
13.2
29.1
Integrative
49
12.2
12.2
41.3
Indifferent
236
58.7
58.7
100
Total
402
100
100
*Note: N– number; %
V
– valid %; %
C
– cumulative %.
Compared to the norms, determined by J. Čáp and P. Boschek
(1994) in the handbook, the distribution of individuals according
to the parenting style was similar to distribution in our research
sample (age category – over 17 years). The authors report that
individuals raised up with autocratic parenting style were 18.5%,
liberal 14.0%, integrative 24.0% and indifferent 44.0%.
Compared to the norms, we detect significantly in research
sample larger number of individuals raised up with indifferent
parenting style. The proportion of adolescents who were raised
up with autocratic and liberal parenting style is comparable to
norms, while the proportion of adolescents who were raised up
with integrative parenting style is significantly smaller.
Table 3 presents descriptive statistics of personality dimensions
of research sample. Observing only the average score, we find
that the adolescents have reached the highest average score in
the personality dimension consciousness (M = 31.82).
Approximately one-and-a-half points below were scaled
personality dimensions extraversion (M = 30.14) and
agreeableness (M = 30.07). The lowest average scores were
achieved in personality dimension openness (M = 27.99) and
neuroticism (M = 22.28). Compared to the standards presented
by I. Ruisel and P. Halama (2007) in the handbook, we do not
notice significant differences compared to the scores that were
measured on our sample. For the age group of individuals aged
15-24, the authors report the following average scores for
individual personality dimensions: neuroticism M = 21.87;
extraversion M = 30.05; openness M = 29.45; agreeableness M =
29.69 and consciousness M = 29.45. The biggest differences are
in personality dimensions openness and consciousness, where
adolescents of our research sample have reached about one point
higher scores compared to norms. Other scores are comparable.
Table 3: Descriptive statistics of personality dimensions among adolescents.
NEO FFI
N
MIN
MAX
M
SEM
SD
S
C
Neuroticism
402
0
43
22.28
0.403
8.077
0.000
-0.120
Extraversion
402
5
45
30.14
0.326
6.538
-0.297
0.103
Openness
402
4
46
27.99
0.303
6.070
0.246
0.137
Agreeableness
402
16
46
30.07
0.320
6.421
0.235
-0.742
Conscientiousness
402
13
48
31.82
0.336
6.736
0.109
-0.217
*Note: N- number; M- mean; MIN- minimum score; MAX- maximum score; SEM- standard error of the mean; SD- standard deviation; S–
skewness; C– kurtosis.
Our intention was to analysis the association between the
parenting styles and the individual personality dimensions
measured by the NEO FFI questionnaire, based on the
theoretical and empirical evidence of previous research. Using
eta
η coefficient, we have found a statistically significant
association between parenting styles and all personality
dimensions, namely: neuroticism (
η = 0.444), extraversion (η =
0.317), openness (
η = 0.399), agreeableness (η = 0.392) and
conscientiousness
η = 0.285). The most prominent effect was
between parenting styles and personality dimensions neuroticism
(η
2
= 0.197), openness (
η
2
= 0.159), and agreeableness (
η
2
=
0.153). While the effect between parenting styles and personality
dimensions extraversion (
η
2
= 0.101) and consciousness (
η
2
=
0.081) was lower (small effect). The results of the analysis are
given in Table 4.
Table 4: Relationship between parenting styles and the personality dimensions NEO FFI.
Model
NEO FFI
N
M
SEM
df
η
η
2
DZSVR
Parenting
styles
Neuroticism
402
22.28
0.403
401
0.444
0.197
Extraversion
30.14
0.326
0.317
0.101
Openness
27.99
0.303
0.399
0.159
Agreeableness
30.07
0.320
0.392
0.153
Conscientiousness
31.82
0.336
0.285
0.081
* Note: N– number; df–
degrees of freedom; η– Eta coefficient; η
2
- variability.
In the following part of the research we will focus on identifying
the differences in the individual personality dimensions among
research groups (based in parenting styles). Based on previous
data distribution normality tests, we chose nonparametric tests
for further analyses, specifically the Kruskal-Wallis H test.
Significant difference between the research groups was found at
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