AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
EMPIRICAL METHODS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE USING FOR EVALUATION IN LIVE-
STOCK INDUSTRY, CASE OF SPECIFIC CHOSEN COMMODITY
a
MICHAL
BEŇO
Vysoká škola manažmentu/City University of Seattle, Panónska
cesta 17, 851 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
email:
a
m.beno@tyrolia.com
Abstract: World trade in livestock products is concentrated globally. V4 integration
into the World and EU economy is one of the most important developments affecting
the structure and evolution of the global system of the 21th century. These countries
have grown, driven primarily by the expansion of modern, industrial and export-
oriented sector. This case explores what V4 competitiveness of specific commodity
means by using four different measures by using the modification of Balassa’s and
Vollrath’s indices: relative export share, relative import share, relative export
advantage and relative import advantage. Each measure has a special meaning and use
and the concept and measurement of international competitiveness of nations is a
useful tool. This analysis shows that V4 countries overall had a strong comparative
advantage and competitiveness in selected industry, taking into account six
commodities worldwide, in the period from 2004 to 2013.
Keywords: competitiveness, international trade balance, live-stock industry,
comparative advantage.
1 Introduction
World export has an increasing tendency and becomes more
important. The live-stock export industry is a valuable state’s
industry and supports the live hood of many people. With the
development of improved communications of all kinds, recent
decades have seen rapid growth of international trade.
The expansion of agricultural products has allowed a greater
diversity through the world. The trade in live-stock products was
largely limited to cross the borders by many exceptions,
regulations which were abolished by free trade areas, an example
for the first type of this block is the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) formed in 1994 (NAFTA, 2008). In recent
years many of regional integration agreements has rapidly
increased, and more than 164 agreements have been notified to
GATT/WTO (WTO, 2017). The developments, e.g. refrigerated
transportation since 1800s century in U.S. (Briley, 2004), sea-
and airfreight, new technologies like mechanization,
electrification, internet, automation and data exchange in
manufacturing technologies led to the creation of new major
trading routes.
The aim of this paper is the measurement and comparison of
trade balance through the competitiveness and international
comparative advantage of V4 countries in the six chosen
commodities of live animals, using statistical data from the Food
and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) and
International Trade Centre from 2004 to 2013.
Many of live farm animals around the world are transported
thousands of kilometres for slaughter, or to places where they
will be fattened for slaughter. This trade is a global phenomenon.
In North and South America, Australia and Europe, animals
often have to endure journeys across vast distances before long
sea voyages to reach their final destinations.
According to the data provided by Trading Economics exports of
Live Animals in the U.S. averaged USD 64.21 million from
1996 until 2016, reaching an all-time high of USD 265 million in
October 2000, and a record low of USD 18 million in April
2004, because of the spread of BSE illness (also called “mad
cow disease”) in 2003 (TRADING, 2017a). Canada averaged
CAD 137.43 million from 1988 until 2016, reaching an all-time
high of CAD 294 million in November 2014 and a record low of
CAD 35.50 million in April 1988 (TRADING, 2017b). Mexico
average
d USD 39 993.17 thousand from 1993 until 2016,
reaching an all-
time high of USD 121 740 thousand in December
2014, and a record low of USD 1 114 thousand in September
1996 (TRADING, 2017c).
On the basis of the data available from Australian Livestock
Exporters’ Council (ALEC) in the period 2014-15 Australia
exported 1.38 million cattle valued at Australian $1.35 billion
FOB, 2.18 million sheep valued at Australian $244 million FOB,
90 950 goats valued at Australian $9.6 million FOB (Online,
2017). Trading
data in Australia averaged AUD 1 546.48 million
from 1988 until 2016, reaching an all-
time high of AUD 3 299
million in May 2015, and a record low of AUD 543 million in
January 1989 (TRADING, 2017d).
All V4 countries are since 2004 members of the European
Union, which caused several changes in this Live-stock industry.
In 2015 Spain, Germany, France United Kingdom and Italy held
the largest populations of livestock in the EU-28 (Extra-EU,
2015). Further comparison shows big differences in the V4
countries (Agricultural production-animals, 2017) as follow in
the Czech Republic, bovines (1.33 million heads), pigs (1.55
million heads); in Hungary, bovines (0.77 million heads), pigs
(2.94 million heads), sheep (1.24 million heads); in Poland,
bovines (5.59 million heads), pigs (10.99 million heads); and in
Slovakia, bovines (0.47 million heads), pigs (0.64 million heads)
(Agriculture, forestry and fishery statistics, 2015).
Until 2011, EU-28 exports of animal products in terms of
monetary value were lower than EU-28 imports. In 2011, animal
products recorded a EUR 215 million trade surplus which grew
over the next two years to EUR 2 862 million in 2013. From
2002 to 2013 animal products exports more than doubled,
growing by 109 %. On the other hand, imports increased by
38 % during the same period (Extra-EU trade in agricultural
goods, 2015).
Evidently, the livestock export trade is vital for providing
options to producers for competition for their livestock. This is
an important contributor to agricultural export earnings and to
the economics of the State. It is a necessary component of the
State’s agricultural sector and contributes annual earnings to the
economy offering jobs and significant employment
opportunities.
2 Methodology
The classic theory of comparative advantage generally
understood that trade generates gains for both exporting and
importing countries. Various methods of quantification of
revealed comparative advantages provide the basis for analysis.
The first to have published this index was Balassa in 1965, as
follows:
B = (x
ij
/ x
it
) / (x
nj
/x
nt
)
where x means export, i indicates a given country, j is a given
product, t represents a group of products and n a group of
countries (Balassa, 1965). The concept of revealed comparative
advantage pertains to the relative trade performance of
individual countries in particular commodities (Ballasa 1965,
1977, 1986). The Balassa Index is criticised because it is seen to
neglect the different effects of agricultural policies and
asymmetric values (Jambor, 2013).
Vollrath (1991) offered three alternative specifications of
revealed comparative advantage, following analyses of
international competitiveness in agriculture. The first of these
measures is the relative trade advantage (RTA), which accounts
for imports as well as exports. It is calculated as the difference
between relative export advantage (RXA), which equates to the
Balassa Index, and its counterpart, relative import advantage
(RMA).
RTA = RXA - RMA
where RXA and RMA refer to relative export advantage and
relative import advantage (Scott and Vollrath, 1992).
- 265 -