AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
FIGURE 8: Revealed Competitiveness of Six Commodities,
2004-2013
Source: author’s own calculation.
See Figure 9 for more detailed results. In the Chicken section,
the winner is definitely Hungary, except for the years 2004, 2011
and 2012, where there was stagnation. This was followed by the
Czech Republic with the highest peak in 2004, 2011 and 2012.
Poland and the Slovak Republic are the losers.
FIGURE 9: Revealed Competitiveness of Cattle, 2004-2013
Source: author’s own calculation.
The next commodity is Horses, where it can be demonstrated
that Hungary in 2004, 2006 and from 2009 to 2013, and Poland
in 2005, 2007 and 2008, had better competitiveness than
Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Slovakia lost the competing
index in this area. In the next commodity, Poland lost its position
in 2006 and 2007. From 2008, with a decreasing trend, the same
tendency can be shown in the Czech Republic, after the highest
index in 2004 and 2005. Slovakia allocated the best potential
impulse in this section up to 2010 and until 2013. Hungary
remained steady.
The Sheep sector belongs to Slovakia, which is of course very
remarkably for this country, with an upward and downward
trend, except in 2005 and 2006 which belongs to Hungary, 2009
to the Czech Republic and 2012 again to Hungary. Here we
measured the highest index of those six commodities of this V4
country.
The last group is Turkeys, where two sides are revealed: the
Czech Republic with a smooth trend from 2006, and Slovakia
with the highest peak in 2004 and 2005 on the winning side,
with Hungary and Poland on the losing side with a falling trend
as shown in Figure 10.
FIGURE 10: Revealed Competitiveness of Turkeys, 2004-2013
Source: author’s own calculation.
4 Discussion and Conclusion
We propose further research investigations, with a comparison of
the top exporting countries of live animals: U.S, Canada,
Mexico, Australia, India, Argentina and Brazil. Research of
these countries is very rare, as none of them is an EU member
and has raised many questions in need of future examination for
validating by a larger sample size. Furthermore, there should be
a focus on the V4 country’s neighbours. All of these reveal more
and less successful performances at the industry-region level.
We think that this would improve the understanding of the
regional aspect of competitiveness, as a future point of view on
the economic development of a region.
It is evident that livestock production is the world’s largest user
of land, either directly through grazing or indirectly through the
consumption of fodder and feed grains. The world food economy
is being increasingly driven by the shift of diets towards animal-
based products such meat, milk and dairy and as a result,
agriculture is being affected, not only through growth of
livestock production, but also through linkages to other sectors
(Gennari, 2015).
Globally, livestock production currently accounts for some 40 %
of the gross value of agricultural production and in industrial
countries this share is more than one half. The total demand for
animal products in developing countries is expected to more than
double by 2030. By contrast, the demand for animal products in
the industrial world has been increasing at low rates, and
livestock production in this group of countries is expected to
grow only slowly over the projection period (Bruinsma, 2003).
We have presented an analysis of the V4 countries’ Revealed
Comparative Advantage and Competitiveness by using indices
of export and import shares and Export and Import Advantage
and Revealed Competitiveness for the period 2004 to 2013.
The results need to be interpreted with care; the indices are less
satisfactory as cardinal measures, but are useful in identifying
whether or not V4 has a comparative advantage or not in live
animals (six chosen commodities) versus the world market.
The evidence from this study suggests that small countries could
also conquer the chosen sector versus the large world market.
We have obtained satisfactory results demonstrating that the
Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary have a very good
competitive advantage and competitiveness in cattle, Hungary
and the Czech Republic in the group of chickens. Hungary and
Poland are specialised in horses, Slovakia and the Czech
Republic in pigs. The sheep commodity easily belongs to
Slovakia, with Hungary and the Czech Republic partly
belonging to this group. The last sector (turkeys) belongs to the
Czech Republic and Slovakia.
Increasing population, urbanisation and higher incomes are
fuelling the strong demand for animal food products. This will
have a major impact on the location and organisation of
livestock production. Late or wrong changes can significantly
influence animal and human health and the environment. The
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