AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
INNOVATION STRATEGIES USED IN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
a
KATARZYNA BROƻEK
Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in
Radom, Chrobrego 31, 26-600 Radom, Poland
email:
a
k.brozek@uthrad.pl
Research project implemented as part of scientific research or development work and
corresponding assignments that promote the development of young scientists and
doctoral students in 2017:
The influence of innovativeness on the development of
enterprises in Poland with reference to the territorial division of the country.
Abstract: The purpose of the article was to analyze available innovation strategies used
by entrepreneurs in running a business activity. In total, the work has a theoretical
character, with a significant part of the material characterized by a tabular or
schematic form. The first component of the work is a concise introduction to the
subject matter, then the second part of the paper discusses the aspects concerning the
definition of the word strategy. The third - the main part of the article, based on the
subject literature, is devoted to the analysis of innovation strategies. This part of the
study has been divided into four sub-parts, including: comparative analysis of
innovation strategies by B. Twiss and Ch. Freeman; the fifth and sixth generation
innovation model; introversion vs extraversion strategies as well as innovative
development strategies. The whole of the considerations is concluded with a summary.
Keywords: Economic Activity, Innovation, Strategies
1 Introduction
Innovation strategies are a key concept not only in all theories of
innovation, but are the main subject of reflection on the
functioning and development of enterprises. This is because
innovations are currently the main determinant of achieving a
sustainable competitive advantage [19]. This in turn enables
enterprises to achieve differentiated benefits, which in
consequence may lead to business success, manifesting itself as:
the market leader.
The creator of the term innovation - J. A. Schumpeter, believed
that entrepreneurs will be forced to innovate to gain a strategic
advantage. The observed situation in the modern economic arena
can only confirm the rightness of the statement. Innovation, by
Schumpeter, is understood as the creation of new profitable
solutions [18], [22]. However, P.F. Drucker in his scientific
journals describes innovation as a specific entrepreneurial tool -
an activity that gives resources new opportunities for wealth
creation [6].
Bearing in mind the arguments quoted above, it should be stated
that having multi-faceted knowledge in the field of innovation is
extremely important for students of economic faculties,
entrepreneurs as well as all market participants. This article is an
attempt to explore one of many important issues of innovation,
namely, it is about innovation strategies. The aim of the study
was to thoroughly analyze the innovation strategies used in
business. The determined goal was decided to achieve by using
the following research methods: literature analysis and
comparative analysis.
2 Presentation of the Strategy Term
When characterizing innovation strategies, it is necessary to
define what a strategy is. The Polish dictionary mainly refers to
the military strategy, but it can be found the definition of
strategy as a forward plan of action [7]. The word strategy itself
comes from Greek, derived from the phrases startos, which
means the army and agein, and that is - to command. At the
beginning of the functioning, the term strategos referred to the
leadership of the army and the creation of a battle plan.
Nowadays, looking at the free market one can get the impression
that the enterprises strategy is a kind of creating a plan to fight
against competition.
A. D. Chandler defined the strategy as long-term goals that are
related to the essential steps, and these are an important element
in achieving the adopted goals [11].
Harvard professor and long-term editor of Harvard Business
Review, Kenneth Andrews, stated that strategy is a pattern of
decisions that are made in the company, that set goals and form
the main policy with plans [1].
R. W. Griffin wrote that the correct strategy focuses on the
following factors:
1.
scope of the strategy - a set of markets on which the
organization will compete;
2.
distribution of resources - the way in which the organization
distributes its resources among different uses;
3.
a distinctive competence - what the organization does
particularly well;
4.
synergy - the way in which different areas of the company's
activity complement or support one another [10].
M. Romanowska stated that the implementation of the strategy is
a series of tactical and operational activities that define the
company's approach to the issues of investment, marketing,
structures or procedures. The effect of such an action is to build
an appropriate strategy and verify its course [17].
3 Analysis of Innovation Strategy
If the innovation strategy is related to a product, then its
planning and implementation operates on the level of two types
of strategies. The first of them is connected with innovative
guidance, consisting in continuous and systematic introduction
of new products to the foreign market. The second one refers to
imitation, therefore reaction to the innovator's actions [12].
Innovation is strongly associated with the strategy, as shown in
the chart 1 below. It should be noted that in every aspect relating
to the characteristics of innovation, strategy or planning is an
indispensable element. This proves that well-thought-out
management policy and long-term plans can bring about results
in the form of innovative success.
Diagram 1. Features of innovation
Source: Own study based on: [13].
The strategy is a very important factor in building success, and
its omission may lead in extreme cases to the collapse of the
business entity.
3.1
Comparative analysis of innovation strategies according
to B. Twiss and Ch. Freeman
B. Twiss characterized eight types of strategies to promote
innovation. The first of these is the offensive strategy, which is
characterized by high risk, but in the case of success, the
company can achieve substantial profits. An important element
is the research and development department, which is focused on
innovation. The marketing and production departments also play
a relevant role here. The opposite of an offensive strategy is a
defensive one. There is both low risk and low profits. The
company is focused on minimizing costs. This strategy does not
require the design and implementation of new products. The next
element is the purchase of license, which allows the company to
obtain technological innovations. The economic entity uses the
experience, products and achievements of other enterprises,
instead of working and developing their own. The strategy is
Features of
innovation
Specyfying the
portfolio of
innovation related
with long-term
company strategy
Plans portfolio
adaptation related
with research
(licence, continuous
education) to market
requirements
Finding the common
plane for
development and
business strategies
Strategic plane
research
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