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JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
Rothwell's vision, namely computer technology. The
characteristics of individual generations are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. R. Rothwell's innovation models
Generation
Basic features
First/Second
Linear model - supply model, demand model
Third
A related model, assuming the interaction of
various elements and feedbacks of
information
Fourth
Parallel model, internal integration of the
business unit and cooperation with suppliers
and recipients, emphasis on connections and
alliances
Fifth
Integrated system based on network
connections: flexible, based on response
system related to the consumer, continuous
innovation
Source: [20].
At the beginning of the 21st century, a significant change in the
method of creating innovations by enterprises was noticed. The
key is not only knowledge that is in the possession of an
economic entity, but also the one that can be obtained from the
environment. The new way of constituting innovation is referred
to as the VI generation model. It is shown in Diagram 2.
Diagram 2. The VI generation model
Source: [4].
In the above-mentioned model, two elements are important: the
internal potential of the company and the ability to acquire
knowledge from the environment. The first factor is created by:
systems, employees' skills, styles and strategies. It allows us to
use the resources of the company. In the sixth generation model,
it can be seen that there is a parallel interaction among all factors
of the process of creating innovation.
3.3
Intravertive and extraversion strategies
In the space of research on innovations, there is also a division
into two groups of strategies: intraversion and extraversion. The
first one includes, among others, the product attractiveness
strategy and product strategies that are important from the
perspective of added value. The last element belonging to this
strategy is the productivity of human capital and capital
resources (resources involved, the so-called vector of resource
development). The extraversion strategy refers to to an offensive
strategy related to entities that have a special position on the
market, resulting from a significant competitive advantage
(priority of using the sources of the innovative factor). In the
aspect of extraversion strategy, there is also a defensive strategy
that concerns market leaders protecting their position by striving
to strengthen their position. The last element included in this
kind of strategy is counteroffensive strategy, which leads (at a
specific moment) to modification and development of products
in order to prolong their life cycle in the market, development of
"hybrids" that aim to associate elements of existing and new
technologies, transition to the higher level of sales compared to a
competitor, financial exhaustion of competitors, as well as
"acquisition" of key personnel of competing enterprises.
The above groups are presented in the diagram below.
Diagram 3. Intravertive and extraversion strategy
Source: Own study based on the literature of the subject.
3.4
Innovative development strategies
Table 4 presents the synthesis of the typology of innovative
development strategies. Therefore, the most important elements
regarding the classification criteria, types of strategies were
collected and there is also a short description of them.
Table 4. Synthesis of the typology of innovative development
strategies
Classification
criteria
Types of
strategies
Characteristic
The goals of
innovation
product,
process and
organization
al
new products, new
functional features, new
processes, modernization
of old processes,
implementation of new
organizational systems,
increase in management
efficiency
Factors of
innovation
R + D
development of own R &
D base, cooperation with
external R & D units
purchase of a
license
purchases of domestic
and foreign licenses
staff training
creating own intellectual
potential, occasional
education; shortening the
innovation cycle
Ways of
implementing
innovations
pioneer
isolated, bound, market
leader
imitative
isolated, bound, cost
leader
A reference to
ecological
problems
cost
reductions
cost reductions at the
producer and operating
costs at the customer's
improving
quality
production of ecological
products
greening
greening of products,
processes, packaging
Market
customer
education
permanent, occasional
education, constant
contact with the client,
convenience in
purchasing consumer
goods, shares of "eco"
products
searching for
new markets
maintaining
old markets
Source: [3]; [23].
As we can see, each of the abovementioned strategies does not
function spontaneously, because specific relationships can be
noticed among them. The enterprise (sector), defining and
implementing a given innovation strategy, determines the
fundamental factor in its implementation. The consequence of
Strategy
Intravertive
Extraversion
product
attractiveness
strategy
product
strategy
productivity
strategy
of human
capital
offensive
strategy
defensive
strategy
counter-
-offensive
strategy
Systems
- flexible
- competences and
delegation
- control systems
- freedom vs control
maintenance
Strategy
- correctly defined
- entrepreneurial and
innovative
- effective targeting
Skills
- abilities and skills in
the scope of
management
- the ability to
recognize competences
Employees
- the right proportion
of employees
creativity and
innovation
- enterprising project
managers
Styles
- culture and delegating
- open and supporting
- information
absorption skills
-rewarding for
innovative activity
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