AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SELECTED DETERMINANTS OF INNOVATION IN EU
COUNTRIES
a
KATARZYNA BROŻEK
Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in
Radom, Chrobrego 31, 26-600 Radom, Poland
email:
a
k.brozek@uthrad.pl
Research project implemented as part of scientific research or development work and
corresponding assignments that promote the development of young scientists and
doctoral students in 2017:
The influence of innovativeness on the development of
enterprises in Poland with reference to the territorial division of the country.
Abstract: Bearing in mind that modern economies are transforming at an incredible
rate, and at the same time, permanent sources of development are weakening,
innovations, and above all their commercialization, are what the EU countries see as
an effective solution to the problem of achieving economic growth. When analyzing
selected determinants of innovation, it is impossible to underestimate their role and
importance. Consequently, the subject matter is relevant both from theoretical as well
as practical point of view. The aim of the article is to deepen the definition and
multifaceted examination of the relevance of selected determinants of innovation in
EU countries. The essence of the research problem is therefore to examine the
relationship between the level of innovation in EU countries and the following factors:
GDP, number of applied patents, innovative products, or research and development
expenditure. In the light of the theoretical research, the following were analyzed: the
essence and definitions of innovation. The scientific effects of the study will be to
broaden and consolidate current knowledge in this field, and the practical effects will
be based on theoretical findings, even in identifying the most important determinants
of innovation development in the EU countries.
Keywords: Analysis, Innovation, European Union
1 Theoretical approach to innovation: the essence and
definitions of innovation
There are many definitions of the subject in the literature, so it is
important to find their common ground.
When analyzing the definitions of innovation, it is worthwhile to
present the meaning of the word itself, which is derived from
Latin. Innovatio or innovare means novelties or newly
introduced things.
In the first years of functioning, the term innovation was seen in
the macroeconomic context. It was analyzed how technological
development affects the development of the economy. Over
time, professionals have shifted away from perceiving
innovation in macroeconomic terms, and microeconomic
analysis has begun, where technological development has been
perceived as a process.
The analysis of the problem of defining innovation is as follows:
among foreign authors it is necessary to mention: J. Schumpeter
[21], F. Machlup [15], P. Kotler [13], R.W. Griffin [7], S. Jobs
[5] , P.R. Whitfield [24], R. Johnston [12], S. Shane [23], P.
Drucker [1], [2], Ch. Freeman [4], E. Helpman [9], M.E. Porter
[19]. In contrast, among Polish authors taking up this subject,
on
e can distinguish, among others: Z. Pietrasiński [17], W.
Grudzewski and I. Hejduk [8], A. Pomykalski [18], Z. Madej
[10], A. Jasiński [11] and M. Goławska [6].
The concept of innovation was introduced by the Austrian
economist Joseph Schumpeter at the beginning of the 20th
century. His definition is the foundation on which the other
terms are based, yet it is extremely versatile and current in the
present day. The creator based the innovation on the following
pillars [26]:
introduction of new goods that consumers have not yet
known or a new product of some kind;
introducing a new method of production that has not yet
been practically tested in the particular industry;
opening up a new market, i.e. a market where a given type
of industry of the relevant country was not previously
introduced, regardless of whether the market existed before
or not;
gaining a new source of raw materials or semi-finished
products, regardless of whether the source already existed
or had to be created;
Conducting a new organization of an industry, such as
creating a monopoly or breaking it [20].
Schumpeter's theory can be summarized as the introduction of
new methods. Typically, they were related to technology, but the
use of imitation, i.e. the dissemination, implementation and use
of new methods, was significant.
In addition to the above condensed presentation of the term
innovation is Table 1, which contains the most popular
researchers in innovation theory and the keywords that are
included in their definitions. It can be seen that the basis of most
of the analyzed definitions is "novelty" and "product" - (they
occurred seven times), it becomes the main determinant of
introducing the innovation in the enterprise. It is also worth
noting that among the eleven selected researchers of this
problem, much less frequent (because 4 times) the word
"service" has appeared, and "improvement" only 3 times.
Incidentally, such terms as "good", "idea", "imitation", "failure",
"progress" and "commodity" were scattered.
Table 1. Keywords of the term innovation by selected authorities
of economic sciences
Creator
Keywords
J. Schumpeter
novelty, product, commodity, imitation
F. Machlup
rejection of the word innovation
Oslo Mannual
novelty, improvement, product, process
P. Kotler
novelty, good, service, idea, product
R.W. Griffin
development, novelty, product, service, use
S. Jobs
idea, lack of innovation system creation
P.R. Whitfield
workflow, problem resolution, novelty
R. Johnston
product improvement
W. Grudzewski
& I. Hejduk
novelty, product, service, distinction from
existing forms
Z. Madej
novelty, improvement, failure
Z. Pietrasiński
positive changes in products, services;
progress
Source: Own analysis based on the literature of the subject; [14],
[16], [22], [25].
2 The impact of selected factors on the level of innovation in
EU countries
The impact on the level of innovation can be influenced by
factors such as: GDP, number of patents applied, innovative
products, or expenditure on research and development. The
relationship between these factors is analyzed below. Table 2
shows these aspects on the example of EU Member States in
2012-2014. The highest average number of patents registered in
Germany, it was 21.4 thousand and in France 9 thousand, while
the lowest in Malta 5.19 and Cyprus 6.16. In Poland, the average
for 2012-2014 was approximately 547. In terms of innovative
new products for the market, the highest percentage was
recorded in Ireland at 22.2 and in Austria at 21.9. The lowest
percentage was recorded in Estonia 1.1 and Romania 1.3.
Unfortunately, Poland also fell in the group of countries whose
index was one of the lowest and amounted to only 5.2%.
Table 2. Selected indicators of product innovation and macro-
economic measures for the EU-28 in 2012-2014
Country
Number of
patents
applied
Innovative
products,
new for the
market
(in %)
Innovative
products, new
for businesses
(in %)
Austria
1912.56
21.9
8.9
Belgium
1528.65
22
9.8
Bulgaria
40.36
5.7
5.2
Croatia
17.48
8.2
10.6
Cyprus
6.16
14.9
8
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