AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
Czech
Republic
250.82
13.5
11.6
Denmark
1351.46
10.7
13.7
Estonia
25.28
1.1
9.9
Finland
1658.61
20.4
14.2
France
9000.66
18.5
9.2
Germany
21370.77
13.3
21.1
Greece
107.93
15
8.4
Hungary
215.23
7
4.9
Ireland
324.38
22.2
13.4
Italy
4289.89
15.5
9.2
Latvia
47.15
6.3
2.2
Lithuania
40.70
8.9
12
Luxembourg
64.50
18.4
10.3
Malta
5.19
8.1
11.5
Netherlands
3409.36
19
13.5
Poland
546.56
5.2
4.3
Portugal
119.25
14.5
13.9
Romania
86.21
1.3
2.3
Slovakia
47.14
7.5
5
Slovenia
129.90
17.5
7.7
Spain
1514.71
5.7
5.5
Sweden
3234.77
18.4
12.9
Great Britain
5377.64
10.8
16
Source: Own study based on [3].
Table 2. Continued
Country
GDP (million
euro)
Expenditure on
R & D
(million euro)
Austria
323357.93
9652.97
Belgium
393339.00
9524.58
Bulgaria
42240.30
286.79
Croatia
43466.20
341.51
Cyprus
18384.20
83.75
Czech Republic
158611.97
2988.20
Denmark
259517.73
7714.80
Estonia
18861.10
331.16
Finland
202868.33
6676.03
France
2114049.7
47306.08
Germany
2836143.3
81098.01
Greece
183266.27
1430.67
Hungary
101840.73
1367.09
Ireland
183040.47
2822.81
Italy
1613230.3
21258.88
Latvia
22839.50
149.69
Lithuania
34980.10
335.87
Luxembourg
46878.13
598.98
Malta
7741.20
59.78
Netherlands
653640.00
12842.17
Poland
398359.90
3576.72
Portugal
170582.13
2270.28
Romania
142707.47
592.37
Slovakia
74273.27
621.91
Slovenia
36417.33
917.85
Spain
1034139.0
13074.72
Sweden
430594.63
13969.79
Great Britain
2124956.3
35087.50
Source: Own study based on [3].
When analyzing the level of new product innovation for
enterprises, it should be noted that the leader in the ranking was
Germany at 21.1% and Great Britain at 16%. The lowest
recorded countries in this respect were Latvia with 2.2% and
Hungary with 4.9%. Poland, as in the case of innovative
products new for the market, came in second to last with 4.3%.
Considering the GDP level, the highest values were obtained in
countries such as Germany (over € 2.83 trillion) and Great
Britain and France, whose values were € 2.12 trillion and € 2.11
trillion, respectively. Table 3 presents the results of the
correlation coefficient between GDP and individual innovation
indicators.
Table 3. Results of the correlation coefficient between GDP and
individual innovation rates in the EU-28 countries in 2012-2014
Number of registered patents and GDP
0.88
Innovative products new for the market
(in %) and GDP
0.15
Innovative products new for businesses
(in %) and GDP
0.46
Source: Own calculations based on statistics.
Pearson's correlation coefficient for the relationship between the
number of patents applied and the country's GDP was r = 0.88.
Correlation is therefore plus / positive, and the relationship is
very strong. In the case of the relationship between innovative
products new for the market and GDP, r = 0.15, which proves
that the correlation is plus / positive and the relationship is very
weak. As for the correlation between the innovative product new
for enterprises and GDP, it was r = 0.46; which means that it is
plus / positive, and the relationship moderately strong. Figure 1
is a supplement to the analysis because the scattering between
the examined data is shown.
Fig. 1. The relationship between GDP and individual innovation
rates in the EU-28 countries in 2012-2014
In the next stage, further dependencies were investigated, but
this time they concerned R & D expenditure. The strength of the
relationship between research and development spending and the
three selected innovation indicators were also examined. It
should be noted that, as in previous analysis, all positive
correlation coefficients were obtained, so that in each analyzed
case a positive correlation was obtained. The coefficient of the
first tested relationship (i.e. between R & D spending and the
number of patents applied) was r = 0.98; so the relationship is
very strong. The analysis of the relationship between R & D
expenditure and the innovative products new for the market was
characterized by a correlation coefficient of: r = 0.21, and
therefore a very weak relationship. The last tested relationship
was between R & D spending and innovative products new for
businesses. The correlation coefficient was at the level of r =
0.55, so the relationship between these features is strong. The
analysis is detailed in Table 4 and Figure 2, which shows the
scattering between the surveyed data.
Table 4. Results of the correlation coefficient between R & D
expenditure and individual innovation indicators in EU-28
countries in 2012-2014
Number of applied patents and R &
D spending
0.98
Innovative products new for the
market and R & D spending
0.21
Innovative products new for
businesses and R & D spending
0.55
Source: Own calculations based on statistics.
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