AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
Fig. 2. The relationship between R & D expenditure and
individual innovation rates in the EU-28 in 2012-2014
The above analysis suggests that in every case, together with
increasing GDP or R & D expenditure, there is an increase in all
tested innovation ratios. However, it should be borne in mind
that in each case the relationships between the individual
elements are strong. In many cases, the development of
innovation may be linked to the economic situation of a
particular country. Therefore, the economic factor may be
significant, but its complement should be, for example, the
knowledge and experience of human capital. It can be stated that
this idea and the involvement of employees together with
adequate financial contribution are the appropriate catalyst for
the formation of new products / processes.
3 Summary and conclusions
Innovations are present in every aspect of life today. They reflect
the dynamic changes taking place in the world. One can get the
impression that every successive product or every next thought
is related to innovation, and consequently the meaning has to
some degree been depreciated. This word is often used by
marketing agencies, which in the dynamically developing
markets are trying to overtake the competition.
Comparative analysis of selected determinants of innovation in
EU countries has been started with three indicators of
innovation, namely: the number of patents applied, innovative
products new for the market and innovative products new for
enterprises. The research period was limited to three years (i.e.
2012-2014) and the innovation rates were reported by twenty-
eight EU countries. The stated purpose of the discussions was
achieved by applying statistical analysis, with particular
emphasis on the use of Pearson's correlation coefficient. The
study was divided into two phases. The first focused on
demonstrating the strength of the relationship between GDP and
(separately) the three selected indicators of innovation. On the
other hand, the second part of the analysis was to determine the
scale of dependence between R & D expenditures and again the
three variables mentioned above.
Correlation analysis allowed us to identify the most important
innovation determinant of all the surveyed ones. The strongest
correlation was with the number of patents applied. For both in
the first case, when examining the correlation index between the
number of patents and GDP, and in the second case when the
number of patents applied and the R & D expenditure were
analyzed, correlation coefficients showing a very strong
correlation between the tested variables were obtained. There
was a positive correlation, so both features grew or diminished
in the same direction.
Moderately strong relationship depicted innovative products new
for businesses and GDP and R & D expenditure. On the other
hand, the lowest correlation coefficient results were obtained
when comparing innovative products new for the market and
GDP and R & D expenditure. So there was a very weak
connection between these features. Therefore, on the basis of the
obtained results, it can be stated that the innovative products new
for the market are the least important determinants.
The proposed analysis does not exhaust the totality of the
examined matter, but it is an indication of the rightness to
continue further and extend the research in this field.
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Primary Paper Section: A
Secondary Paper Section: AH, AE
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