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JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
individuals make decisions, feel and act in response to the
opportunities and threats affecting the corporations. Thus,
culture is a sort of glue that bonds the social structure of a
corporation together.
3 Importance of corporate culture for implementation the
knowledge management
The creation and transfer of knowledge in a corporate has
become a critical factor in corporation´s success and
competitiveness. Many corporations are now concentrating their
efforts on how knowledge particularly tacit knowledge that
exists in the corporate can be transferred across the corporations.
In studies done in various corporate, Dixon (2000) found that the
two main knowledge activities that need to be balanced are the
creation of knowledge (referred to as common knowledge) and
the transferring of knowledge across time and space. Generally,
when something is being transferred, someone will gain it and
someone else will lose it.
However, knowledge, which is regarded as an intangible asset, is
different from tangible assets. Tangible assets tend to depreciate
in value when they are used, but knowledge grows when used
and depreciates when not used (Nonaka, 2007). Knowledge
transfer requires the willingness of a group or individual to work
with others and share knowledge to their mutual benefit. Without
sharing, it is almost impossible for knowledge to be transferred
to other person. This shows that knowledge transfer will not
occur in corporation unless its employees and work groups
display a high level of co-operative behaviour. Knowledge is
transferred not only from individual to individual, but also
involves „individual to a team or group, team or group to
individual, or team or group to team or group. According to
Davenport and Prusak, knowledge transfer involves two actions
which are „transmission (sending or presenting knowledge to
a potential recipient) and absorption by that person or group.
(Davenport and Prusak, 1998, p. 101). They further stress that
„transmission and absorption have no value unless they lead to
some change in behaviour, or the development of some idea that
leads to new behaviour. (Davenport and Prusak, 1998, p. 101)
So one of the most import ants questions for corporate interested
in implementing knowledge management is what are the key
enables to help us be successful? Several studies have tried to
identify these enablers for knowledge management. Figure 1
displays the results of one European-wide company survey
asking about the main success factors for knowledge
management initiatives. Nearly one company in two mentioned
corporate culture as one of the main enables for knowledge
management. Almost every third company named structures and
processes, information technology, skills and motivation and
management support as key success factors.
Figure 1 Main enablers of knowledge management initiatives.
Source: Mertins (2003, p. 148)
Also other studies and practices pointed on culture as a key
success factor for implementing knowledge management. For
example Skyrme and Amidon (1997) highlighted seven key
success factors. These includes a strong link to a business
imperative, a compelling vision and architecture, knowledge
leadership, a knowledge creating and sharing culture,
continuous learning, a well-developed technology infrastructure
and systematic corporate knowledge processes. These factors
play a key role in taking advantage of hidden benefits; however,
achieving them can be complicated. These factors are called
critical success factors or bottlenecks. Lacking these factors is a
major corporate barrier for achieving corporate goals.
Wong and Spinwall (2005) discussed managerial factors that
affect knowledge management's successful implementation
within 11 frameworks. These factors are: leadership and
leadership support, culture, information technology, goals and
strategies, evaluation, corporate infrastructure, corporate
activities and process, incentives, resources and training and
human resource management.
Collison (2005) claims those top managers' support, corporate
culture, technological infrastructure, knowledge management
strategy, performance appraisal, corporate infrastructure,
activities and processes, rewards, resource limitations, education
and training, human resource management and benchmarking.
So, we can say, that corporate culture is an important driving
force behind all the movements in the corporation. According
the results of many studies is corporate culture one of the major
reasons behind the failures of knowledge management initiatives
and it is crucial for successful knowledge management.
Corporate culture impacts the knowledge exchange, the
combinative interaction, and the perceived value of corporate
members (Schein, 2004), thus it has a significant effect on
knowledge creation capability.
According to studies, practices mentioned above and many
others, we can divide these factors two four groups. Figure 2
shows critical success factors grouped into four pillars, that can
help corporation to derive real and significant results in its most
critical business processes and measures through its knowledge
management initiative. Corporation need to have all four pillars
in place. Half measures will not give the company any
significant results.
Figure 2 The four pillars of knowledge management
Source: Easterby-Smith (2011)
3.1 Key elements of corporate culture supporting the
knowledge management
Senge believes that in the future only two types of corporations
will exist: ceased corporations that will disappear slowly and
unexpectedly; and the learning corporations that will have the
ability to learn and to react on fluid market much faster than
their competitors (Collison, 2005). Resultantly, the success or
failure of knowledge management within corporations depends
on culture, an emerging pre-requisite for effective knowledge
management. Researchers argued that culture is a complex
system of norms and values that is shaped over time and affects
the types and variance of corporate processes and behaviours
(Nonaka, 2001).
According to Schein (2011) corporate culture can be understood
on three different levels (see figure 3):
Basic assumptions are unconsciously held learned
responses which determine how group members perceive,
think and feel.
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