AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
suited to children according to the child’s cognitive
characteristics. This methodology of instruction is student-
centered, assuring students’ active participation in the process of
learning. It is a crystallization of constructivism.
4 Benefits of E-books for Children’s Learning of English
Encouraging Reading Engagement
English Reading Literacy is the most basic and most critical
learning ability. Many examples have indicated that children’s
emergent literacy has a significant impact on later literacy
performance. The lack of early childhood reading experiences
will lead to reading difficulties in later reading achievement
(Blatchford et al, 1987). Therefore, attention should be paid to
pre-school children’s early reading literacy. As we discuss
previously, the content of children’s e-books is full of animation,
motion pictures and hotspots, which makes reading more
enjoyable, thus encouraging children to read. Some e-books with
familiar and popular characters such as Ben10 and Angelina
Ballerina about whom children are crazy motivate children to
read. Scholastic’s 2010 reading survey showed that six-to-eight
year old children respondents were more likely to have read an
e-book than their older counterparts (Guernsey, 2011).
Enhancing Phonological Awareness
As mentioned previously, most children’s e-books, if not all, are
featured with hidden hotspots. By clicking on the hotspots,
children will see words divided into syllables and sub-syllables.
For example, pigeon is divided into two syllables: pi-geon. This
function helps improve children’s phonological awareness.
Korat and Shamir (2008) conducted a research on the
effectiveness of an educational e-book for young children’s
emergent literacy. The result indicated that significant
improvement from pre- to post- test was found in children’s
score on phonological awareness. That means children’s
phonological awareness improved significantly after using an
educational e-book. This finding is correspondent to what Chera
and Wood(2003) had found in their research which is concerned
with whether an animated multimedia ‘talking book’ can
promote phonological awareness in young children. They found
out that young children who engaged in using e-books to read
for four weeks showed significantly higher increases in
phonological awareness than the control group who read in a
normal way.
Developing Vocabulary
Early childhood is an important stage for children’s learning of
vocabulary as it will fundamentally affect their later literacy.
Multimedia and interactional function in children’s e-books help
children better learn English vocabulary. When a child
encounters a strange word in the text of an e-book, (s)he just
needs to click on the word and instantly there is a multimedia
interpretation of the word, including its meaning, pronunciation,
animation and spelling. Meanwhile, children’s e-books provide a
meaningful context for learning vocabulary, which not only help
understand the vocabulary but also enhance the effectiveness of
learning and aids retention of new vocabulary. A study by
Segers (2002) was undertaken so as to study the vocabulary
acquisition of twenty five immigrant children. They were asked
to use e-books to study vocabulary. The result indicated that
there was a significant difference between the average scores at
pre- versus post-test of children’s knowledge of vocabulary. The
scores of pre- and post-test when compared show an increase by
54% in the post-test sores. That means, in the study, e-books
enhanced children’s vocabulary attainment significantly. Israeli
educator Ofra Korat (2010) investigated the effectiveness of e-
books to foster young children’s vocabulary development. The
result showed that the improvement in word meaning was
greater in the experimental group than in the control group.
Improving Oral English
A children’s e-book is featured with a recorded voice. The text
in an e-book is read by a narrator. When an icon is clicked, the
words, sentences and phrases are “spoken”. The e-book uses a
cursor, when the cursor is placed over a particular word, the
selected word will be “spoken”. They can click on a certain
word, phrase or sentence again and again to listen to the
pronunciation or follow the reading pace. Repeated listening and
reading help some new and strange words be impressed on the
learners’ brain. Digital stories can improve learner’s listening
comprehension in learning English as a foreign language
(Verdugo&Belmonte,2007). Listening comprehension plays an
important role in English learning. Listening ability is closely
related to speaking ability. By repeating these words, phrases
and sentences, children’s speaking skills will be improved. E-
books also include a forward button (a colored arrow that points
to the right) and a backward button (a colored arrow that points
to the left) for repeated reading, which also benefits the
improvement of listening skills as well as speaking skills.
Vocabularies are considered to be one of the important elements
in improving oral English. As mentioned above, an e-book is a
proven tool to richen children’s vocabulary. Rich vocabulary
volume links to fluent oral English and poor vocabulary not only
influences verbal fluency but also appropriateness.
5 Conclusion
In this paper, we discuss the characteristics of e-books and its
ability to assist young children’s learning of English. We believe
the e-book is a proven technology to better children’s learning of
English. This assumption is based on the premise that an e-book
reading activity enables young children enjoy an authentic
experience, by providing vivid motion pictures and interactional
function, thus helping to bring effectiveness in learning.
However, not all current e-books are well designed for
educational goals. Some e-books available on the market are not
satisfactory as an educational tool because some figures and
games in e-books are not so much an attraction as a distraction.
Also, some e-books do not contain essential options explaining
meanings of words and supporting children’s understanding. In
some children’s e-books, the hotspots are not congruent with the
storyline so that they have little educational value. Therefore, we
should use a discerning eye to choose quality e-books for
children. Moreover, there are different kinds of e-books for
different levels of learning. Not one size fits all. An age-oriented
and well-designed e-book can maximize the effectiveness and
efficiency of learning. We should choose the kind of e-books
that are suited to children’s level of learning. On the other hand,
improper use of e-books will have negative effect on the learning
outcome. It is useful only if it is implemented effectively. It is
suggested that children’s use of e-books should be guided by
teachers and parents whose intervention is of paramount
significance. Adults can help to check and correct learning
performance, which helps to maximize the effectiveness of e-
books.
From the trend of its development, we assume that the
application of e-books in basic education, even in preschool
education is an irreversible trend. It goes without saying that an
e-book is an effective tool for teaching–learning process. It
makes abstract ideas more concrete to the learners so that
knowledge can be remembered for a longer period of time.
However, this does not mean that e-books will completely
replace real interactive activities and printed books. An e-book is
just a supplementary means to foster children’s learning and it
should be combined with other teaching materials and
techniques to promote healthy development of children. There is
still a long way to go to study the educational application of
children’s e-books and shared efforts from educators are needed.
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