AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
ON THE ISSUE OF IMPORTANCE OF LUCK IN THE WORK OF BERNARD WILLIAMS
a
JÚLIA DRBÚLOVÁ
University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Arts
Nám. J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovak Republic
email:
a
julia.drbulova@gmail.com
Abstract: In ancient moral philosophy, happiness was regarded as the ultimate goal of
human life, the motivating force that determines the human effort to become a ,,better“
person. In contemporary ethics, it has returned to the very idea of luck, it has come
about a revitalization of the philosophical reflections on the phenomenon of luck.The
problem of moral luck
− i.e. the problem that arises from the clash between our
intuitions about the conditions of responsibility and common practice of moral
assessment
− is brought to the forefront of contemporary philosophical debates. Most
people believe that one can be held responsible only for what is under one's control.
However, common practice shows that factors beyond the agent's control make
a difference in moral assessment. In the present study we analyse the above mentioned
problem on the basis of Williams's philosophical reflections.
Keywords: morality, luck, retrospective justification, agent-regret.
1 Introduction
The problem of moral luck consists in conviction that the
conditions for attribution of moral responsibility are − in cases
involving the element of luck – in contradiction with the
common practice of moral assessment. However, the notion that
the moral status of individuals is subject to luck seems to be
incomprehensible. The very term
"moral luck" appears alike
incomprehensible. It is rather contrasting combination of two
quite different concepts. In addition, the very idea of moral luck
involves the tension between morality, which implies control and
luck which implies lack of control. There is no doubt that this is
one of the reasons why the idea of moral luck has become – not
only for the members of the narrow community of philosophers
– so attractive. As Margaret Urban Walker puts it: „ The very
idea of "moral luck" cannot fail to engage our interest, if only
because some of us may be astonished at the very idea“ (Walker,
1985, p. 319).
2 The concept of luck in Williams's theory of morals
The fact that one's motives, intentions and personality are
influenced by luck (constitutive luck) is taken by Williams to be
a bitter truth (Statman, 1993, p. 5). However, Williams does not
elaborate on this kind of luck. The author pays attention the idea
of the rationally justify, i.e. individual's ability to rationally
justify its own decision and actions. In this context, it
is necessary to emphasize that the fundamental distinction
between Williams's and Nagel's debate on moral luck consists of
the subject position in respect of the object of moral assessment.
Thomas Nagel in contrast to Williams, is focused on an
examination of moral responsibility assessment issue from an
objective point of view, i.e. from the position of participant
assessing the conduct of other persons.
Bernard Williams (1929 − 2003) was one of the most influential
Anglo-American philosophers of the 20th century. From the
beginning of his professional career as a thinker he paid attention
to a wide range of topics. His contribution to philosophy was
very wide-ranging from metaphysics and epistemology to moral,
social, and political philosophy (Thomas, 2007, p. 1). Despite
the fact that he was not a systematic philosopher, he noticed the
consistency and mutual support among the distinct theories of
contemporary ethics. As he noted: „It is a reasonable demand
that what one believes in one area of philosophy would make
sense in terms of what one believes elsewhere“ (Althan-Harrison,
1995, p. 186).
Williams wants to show that rational justification of his own
action is often a matter of luck to some extent. He presents his
claim based on the Gauguin's story. Paul Gauguin was young
creative painter who had decided to leave his family in order to
live life, which would allow him to increase his chances of
becoming a great painter. He went to live in Tahiti, believing
that by averting from the obligations towards his family or
requirements that had been imposed at that time of life he can
carry out his project. However, at the time of the decision he
could not know whether it will be successful. The only thing that
will justify his choice will be success itself (Williams, 1981, p.
23). In fact, Gauguin does not have control over success. The
will, no matter what is strong, is not sufficient to carry out his
desire. In order to allow Gauguin to become a great painter, there
should be much more: talent, motivation and many other factors
beyond his control. In this context, the justification for
Gauguin's decision is affected by factors which are resulted from
luck. Central to Williams's argument is his contention that
Gauguin's justification, if there is to be one, is not available to
him at the time of the choice, i.e. in advance of knowing
whether it would come out right. That is, his justification is
essentially retrospective. The reason for this necessarily
retrospective perspective is not only the trivial fact that
Gauguin's choice, as with many other choices, is made under the
conditions of uncertainty that result from limited human
knowledge. It has a much deeper reason. Gauguin is, to some
extent, a different person, a person who is the product of his
earlier choices. That is, Gauguin's standpoint after his success
differs from his standpoint at the time of the choice, i.e. he is
now a different man (Statman, 1993, p. 7).
Not all kinds of luck are equally relevant to the justification of
the decision (Statman, 1993, p. 5). In this context, Williams
distinguishes between intrinsic luck and extrinsic luck. The
intrinsic luck in Gauguin's case concentrates itself on virtually
the one question of whether he is a genuinely gifted painter who
can succeed in doing genuinely valuable work and thus carry out
his project. Gauguin's project of realising his gifts as a painter
affects talent as well as a sequence of accidental circumstances,
which „… are subject to laws outside ourselves...“ (Nussbaum,
2003, p. 68) and thus lead us to the subject of extrinsic luck. For
instance,
if Gauguin suffers and injury on the way to Tahiti which causes
his project is never really carried out it will be a matter of
extrinsic luck. Despite the fact that both kinds of lucks are
necessary for success, and hence for actual justification – only
intrinsic luck relates to unjustification (Williams, 1981, p. 26).
In this context it should be pointed out that for Williams this
marks no small point, for „The discussion is not in the first place
directed to what we or others might say or think of these agents,
but on what they can coherently think about
themselves“(Williams, 1981, p. 27). Describing the states of their
mind, the author uses the concept of regret, i.e. desire to go back
and change a past experience. Everyone can express regret. But
there is a specific kind of regret (agent-regret) which a person
can feel only towards his own past actions or actions in which he
regards himself as a participant. (Williams, 1981, p. 27). „It can
extend far beyond what one intentionally did to almost anything
for which one was causally responsible in virtue of something
one intentionally did“ (Williams, 1981, p. 28). As an example,
he considers the regret of a lorry driver who – without being
reckless or negligent - runs over and kills a child. Despite the
fact that he could not to avoid the crash, he experienced painful
feelings that are strange to somebody else with the exception of
individuals who believed that they had been able to prevent that
accident. Some people will try to console him by telling him this.
They will try to free him from the state he fell into. This feeling
of coexistence presupposes that its relation to the event is
something specific, something that cannot be eliminated by
thought that it was not his fault.
The fact that the agent regrets his own actions (agent-regret) is
something that everybody should experience. To do otherwise it
would be unwise. Williams is very strict on this point, arguing
that: „... it would be a kind of insanity never to experience
sentiments of this kind towards anyone, and it would be an
insane concept of rationality which insisted that a rational
person never would“(Williams, 1981, p. 29). This madness is
related to the false assumption that „... we might, if we conducted
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