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ourselves clear-headedly enough, entirely detach ourselves from
the unintentional aspects of our actions...and yet still retain our
identity and character as agents ...” (Williams, 1981, p. 29).
However, unintended consequences of actions are also involved
in shaping the one's identity. Taking into account this fact,
detaching oneself from them one fails to retain one's identity and
character as an agent. In this context „... the idea of the voluntary
is essentially superficial“(Williams, 1995, p. 243).
An interesting and quite common case of involuntary action is
the case of moral dilemmas. This is a specific situation when one
must choose between two evils and, in this sense, one is not
acting voluntarily. Nevertheless an agent faced with these
choices should feel regret (agent-regret), and a desire to make up
in some way for the wrong action he committed. This brings us
back to the case of Gauguin. Gauguin's success as a painter lies
beyond his control, hence, whether or not he was justified is
a matter of luck. If he had bad intrinsic luck and he failed he
would be unjustified and sense feelings of agent-regret about his
wrong decision. If he had bad extrinsic luck, then though he
would regret the failure of the project, the regret would not take
the particular form of agent-regret and would not be much
different from the regret experienced by a spectator (Statman,
1993, p. 7).
3 Conclusion
Although the picture of moral immunity to luck is attractive –
such an understanding of morality as immune to luck is
ultimately implausible. Two questions arise in this context: „If
the possibility of acting morally is available to everyone at any
time in their lives, why doesn´t everyone do so? If the possibility
of “being moral” is open to everyone then why so many people
become and remain evil is unclear” (Haybron, 2002, p. 130)?
The embarrassment we encounter in reply to the above questions
agrees with the initial claim. In addition, a picture of the moral
life as entirely immune from luck does not correspond to the way
things are. The fact how we attribute praise and blame is closely
connected with the idea that some people should not be held
responsible for what they have done, that some circumstances
furnish appropriate excuses and some influences are acceptable
mitigating factors. The above-mentioned idea that morality is
totally immune from the randomness of the outside world places
a burden on a person, as it holds person responsible for all his
acts and character traits irrespective of the nature of facts which
directly affected them.
An understanding of morality as exclusively immune to luck is
also implausible. If morality is subject to luck, then it attacks the
idea that human lives have meaning. In that respect, all our
efforts, our striving, our choices, are essentially meaningless. In
view of that, this raises the question: If anything we do could
turn out either way, regardless of our efforts and because of
factors outside our control, then why should we try to do
anything? In this context, D. M. Haybron also notes: „With lack
of control comes lack of meaning in what we choose and what
we do, and ultimately lack of importance or significance in what
we do and who we are…“ (Haybron, 2002, p. 129).
On the basis of the above facts, it is evident that neither of the
two options outlined above, the luck view and moral immunity
form luck, is satisfactory. Both are extreme and mutually
exclusive views how to understand morality. Even though the
lives of human beings are neither exclusively subject to the
influence of this phenomenon, i.e. to luck, nor exclusively
immune to it. In the words of Daniel M. Haybron: „We are
neither inert objects at the mercy of elements entirely outside our
control, nor perfected gods entirely above the influences of
luck“(Haybron, 2002, p. 131).
Literature:
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Ethics: Essays on the Ethical Philosophy of Bernard Williams.
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2. HAYBRON, D. M.: Earth´s Abominations: Philosophical
Studies of Evil.
Amsterdam-New York: Rodopi Bv Editions,
2002. 166 p. ISBN 90-420-1278-1.
3. NUSSBAUM, M. C.: The Fragility of Goodness. Luck and
Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy. USA: Cambridge
University Press, 2001. 544 p. ISBN
978-0-521-79472-5.
4.
STATMAN, D.: Moral Luck. USA: State University of New
York Press, 1993. 258 p. ISBN 0-7914-1539-2.
5. THOMAS, A.: Bernard Williams. USA: Cambridge
University Press, 2007. 221 p. ISBN 978-0-521-66555-1.
6. WALKER, M. 1985. Moral Luck? In: The Journal of Value
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978-0521286916.
Primary Paper Section: A
Secondary Paper Section: AA
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