AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
CONCEPT OF HOME FROM THE SOCIAL WORK PERSPECTIVE
a
KLÁRA GANOBJÁKOVÁ
University of Ostrava, Faculty of social studies, Fráni Šrámka 3,
Ostrava – Mariánské hory, Czech Republic
email:
a
Klara.Ganobjakova@osu.cz
Abstract: In sociological literature, the term "home" is usually replaced by the
synonym "community" (Keller, 2013). The concept of home may be challenging also
for social workers, for whom this concept remains mysterious. Their profession is
primarily focused on client´s problem solving (Musil, 2004). If they see client´s home
as a problem, they can reduce it to "housing". This article aims to outline the meaning
of the term home more precisely referring not only to the texts of various authors, but
also relying on partial empirical outputs of her dissertation thesis. In terms of its
content, the article builds on the conference paper "Secret of home in perspective of
sociology and social work" presented by the author at the PhD e-conference
(QUAERE 2017) in June 2017.
Keywords: home, sociology, homeless, secret, conference
1 Introduction
In sociology, the term home is usually replaced by the synonym
“community” (Keller 2013). Some authors (Edgar, Meetr 2005)
assess the importance of home through the operational definition
of the phenomenon of homelessness and exclusion from
housing. In this context, they attach great importance to the
depth of the individual's social relationships creating his or her
home. Nevertheless, home remains to a certain extent a
mysterious concept shrouded in secrecy also for members of one
of the applied branches of sociology - social work.
In the first part of the article, the author looks at the sociological
concepts of home. She presents several aspects of the life of
homeless people who, in the eyes of sociologists (Keller 2013,
2014), belong to the individuals who may be variously excluded
from society.
The second part of the article defines home from the social work
perspective. The author using help of the further cited authors
(Kostr
zyńska 2012, Gojová 2016, etc.) considers possibilities of
effective social work intervention in the field of housing.
Together with one of the authors (Kostrzyńska, 2012), she poses
the following question. "How can a social worker effectively
intervene in the life of a homeless person?" In this context, the
author discusses how homeless clients can look at their social
status and evaluate their contact with social workers.
1
The final part of this text focuses on the concept of social
entrepreneurship as a possible tool for intervening of the social
worker in the life of homeless people.
2 What is home?
The sociology-oriented literature (Sýkorová 2014, Mackie 2011)
connects the concept of home with the solution of housing issues
of different social group members (e.g. people with disabilities,
elderly, etc.) who may be at different levels exposed to the risk
of social exclusion and one of its most serious consequences -
homelessness. Along the loss of shelter (rooflessness), Edgar and
Meert (2005) describe conditions in which people cannot build
stable social relationships that create their home. They have
unsatisfactory and potentially dangerous housing where they
face a wide range of risks (social, health, etc.). The authors also
point out that a person living in this situation is in persistent
existential uncertainty that may result from the lack of space for
the development of interpersonal relationships. These
relationships are strengthened in interaction with other people
both inside and outside of their home (e.g. with family, friends,
neighbours, colleagues, etc.).
1
In the article, the author refers to the partial outputs from the research she conducts
as part of her dissertation thesis on "Housing of persons with physical disabilities
living in the territory of the statutory city of Ostrava".
The above suggests that home can mean more than only a place
where a person physically lives on his/her own or with his/her
family. It significantly depends on the level of interpersonal
relationships and on emotional bonds between the household
members, which can enhance the feeling of home for each
individual. Hogenová (2008) believes that creation of home
environment is a continuous activity being a meaning of life for
many people. K
ostrzyńska (2012) holds a similar perspective
believing that potential loss of housing (and thus of home) may
significantly disrupt the individual's identity. From the
psychological point of view, a homeless person can further feel
lonely and besides rooflessness, he/she can face a so-called
"emotional" homelessness. It means that he/she usually does not
identify with people in similar situation, and his/her adaptability
to the loss of home depends on the level of his/her contacts with
people not having housing problems, i.e. not being socially
excluded citizens (e.g. wit
h social workers) (Kostrzyńska 2012).
3 Homeless people as the social work clients
The important feature of the social work profession is that they
are predominantly problem solving oriented (Musil 2004). If a
social worker views client's home as a problem, he/she can
reduce this part of the client's life to housing only (Rozho
ň
2015). This is in contradiction with the deeper concept of home
outlined above. The risks that accompany the person living on
the street may, on one hand, be related to his reduced ability to
cope with the demands of everyday life. He/she may have
problems with hygiene and dietary habits, availability of health
care, lack of finance needed to find a suitable housing,
increasing criminal activity
, etc. (Kostrzyńska 2012). His/her
emotional ties with people in his or her near social environment
can be (ir)recoverably disturbed, which corresponds to the
aforementioned emotional homelessness.
In this regard, Keller (2013: 86-87) pays attention to the process
of progressive loss of home which he believes takes several
stages. In the first stage, the home is at risk, with a rising work
issues. Both young and older people still have self-confidence,
hope and determination to overcome the problem. The middle-
age generation are reluctant to accept help from social workers.
On the contrary, younger people tend to be more accommodating
to accept help.
Unless anything changes, the following stage is called "fight for
home". It is usually accompanied by deepening difficulties to
find a job. There is deterioration in health, disruption of family
bond. This all together or separately leads to the need for
institutional help. It can be the key stage in which it is decided
whether home will be found again, or people at risk will
definitely lose it. People who enter this stage can respond in two
ways. Some have not given up on their fight yet; they look hard
for a job and actively try to deal with all problems. This group
includes the above cited CP1. The others have no longer any
motivation to work.
The subsequent loss of home is a stage in which all the hope for
home recovery ends. The disadvantages cumulate: people find
themselves outside the market, their families are broken, they
lost their housing and their health problems grow. They neither
have income from work as in the first stage nor more or less
regular income from social benefits as in the second stage.
Without any permanent income, they cannot keep their housing.
They combine various one-time sources (charity, undeclared
work, begging, petty thefts). Clients have again two ways of
response. They can retain the rest of their will for social and
professional integration; get back from the edge of society (they
dream of a new life). Or they can reconcile the misery of poverty
and resign to the last attempt to re-establish their home (Keller,
2013: 86-87).
I suppose that especially for the first way the response to the loss
of home and associated securities, people can more or less
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