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JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
succeed in the world of homelessness that initially seemed
stra
nge to them. According to Kostrzyńska (2012), they can
create organized communities over time the members of which
do not consider themselves to be socially excluded. On the
contrary, the results of several scientific researches show that
members of majority are metaphorically transferred to the role of
the excluded, as they cannot fully understand the world (i.e. the
experience) of homeless people (Kostrzyńska, 2012). One of
those who are to some extent outside the world of the clients
living on streets is usually a social worker.
According to Kostrzyńska (2012), social workers face the
following question. "How does this context shape their role in
the contact with a homeless client?" As indicated above, social
worker can oscillate between two worlds in his/her work with
this target group - in the world of homeless clients and in the
world of people with their own housing secured.
2
The
aforementioned author recommends that it is appropriate for a
social worker to approach work with these people on several
levels. Whereas at the individual level, he/she should be in direct
contact with the life situation of current and potential clients, at
the structural level, he/she should affect not only individuals but
also society as a whole. Social workers should also support the
development of job opportunities to increase the chances of
homeless people not only to get a job but also to obtain an
adequate housing that will become their home. However, home
still
remains a mystery for social worker (Rozhoň 2015), which
i
s likely to be revealed at the interactive level (Kostrzyńska
2012).
The interactive social worker enters the client's natural
environment. During the collaboration, both sides mutually share
their experience. An important factor influencing their contact is
the "right moment" of the social worker's arrival into the client's
life. Kostrzyńska (2012) emphasizes that this moment should be
determined by the client (with regard to his/her needs), not only
based on the social worker's decision. From the social worker´s
point of view, the client becomes a true expert in solving his/her
life situation. This fact is approached by foreign researchers on
housing
(Mackie 2011, Dean 2003, Kostrzyńska 2012), some of
which deal with the approach of young people with disabilities
to their housing problem solving.
The above mentioned researchers seek answers to the following
questions: "When do young people with disabilities make
decisions regarding their housing? What do young people think
about their home? How do they look at their housing situation?
How do they feel in their home? What possible changes should
be made to their homes? What support do they receive from
other entities (in the housing market, in the labour market, from
social service providers, social workers)?
3
“(Dean 2003).
In the light of the above, it seems that homeless people can be a
highly organized community the members of which do not
consider themselves to be socially excluded. This means, among
other things, that the physical absence of one's own housing may
not represent a major problem for the "potential client" to be
solved in cooperation with
the social worker (Kostrzyńska
2014).
Partial outcomes of my research show that both social worker
and other people in the neighbourhood can support homeless
person in fulfilling other basic living needs (i.e. eating, clean
clothing, providing a place to sleep, etc.).
CP said:"...the people who surrounded me when I was on the
street... they noticed that something was wrong with me.
...Somehow they started helping me. Whether it was food or
advice or clean clothes..."(CP1)
4
2
In this context, Kostrzyńska (2012) distinguishes two worlds - "world of theirs" (i.e.
world of homeless people) and "world of strangers" (i.e. people with secured housing).
3
The above mentioned questions were translated by the author of the article.
4
CP1 = Communication Partner. A participant in the research conducted within the
author´s dissertation thesis.
The support, comfort, and safety provided by the surroundings
can ultimately lead homeless person to thinking about a possible
change in their way of life.
"... well, and so they actually helped me find... the flophouse
where I had peace ... And I actually started thinking about... if I
want to live like that any longer. I had a lot of help from social
workers at that hostel. And they saw that I wanted to change
something. So we were looking for some ways... (CP1)
3 Homeless people as social entrepreneurs
With regard to the above, social workers face one more question.
"Which ways of intervention can I use to understand the
meanings that their clients (such as homeless people) attribute to
their home? The traditional approach of the social work
profession mainly focuses on working with an individual, which
can limit the workers´ view of the client's situation in a broader
social context (e.g. with regard to changes taking place in the
labour market) (Musil, 2004).
Gojová (2016) recommends paying attention to new practices
introduced into the social work practice. These practices are
designed to respond to the ongoing changes in today's late-
modern society, such as the declining functioning of welfare
state (Keller 2009) or the growing influence of the economy,
which also covertly influence the nature of social exclusion and
homelessness (and other social problems). Gojová (2016)
believes that such a social atmosphere favours the application of
"social entrepreneurship". It can be defined as an economic
activity that gives socially disadvantaged members of society
(i.e. elderly, people with disabilities, etc.) an opportunity to find
their place in the labour market (Gojová 2016). In this context, I
find it worthwhile to mention that social entrepreneurship may
not only involve purely eco
nomic activities. Kostrzyńska (2014)
states that some homeless people also consider themselves to be
"social entrepreneurs". From their point of view, they can
manage their own lives and determine conditions for their
eventual return among the members of majority. It leads me to a
belief that social entrepreneurship can also be understood as
expression of one's ability to cope with the above-mentioned
risks that accompany the threat or loss of home. As a "social
entrepreneur", a homeless person can also make the decision
whether or not to cooperate with the social worker. The
interviews carried out by the author of this article imply that
some people living on the street may initially feel distrust
towards social workers who contact them. This may inter alia
relate to the age difference of the two sides.
CP also said: "I did not get it at first... But I looked at it from my
perspective and the social worker had a completely different
way." (CP1)
However, if the client-social worker cooperation is successful, it
can make a significant change for the life of a homeless person.
Not only can he/she acquire new skills that are important for
acquiring and maintaining a permanent housing, but he/she can
also try to restore relationships with his/her loved ones which
have previously been disrupted. He/she can further (e.g. as a
volunteer) support other homeless people living in a similar
situation. The above-mentioned interviews also indicate that to a
certain extent, positive relationship between the client and the
social worker can help replace the missing family. The social
worker´s approach directly influences the creation of the client's
home. However, I believe that it is fundamental to properly carry
the professional power and control associated with the human
effort of the social worker to support and help the homeless
client. The social worker then faces one of the dilemmas. It is to
maintain clearly defined boundaries in the social worker-client
relationship, which corresponds to the required professional
approach of the worker. The phenomenon of power and control
applied in the social work field is addressed more closely by
Kraus 2014, Janebová 2015, Musil 2014 and others. According
to Keller (2013), social worker should perceive his/her work as a
tool to help the client to maintain his/her autonomy.
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