AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT OF SENIORS IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE VISEGRÁD GROUP
a
EVA GRMANOVÁ
Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, Študentská 2, Trenčín,
Slovakia
email:
a
eva.gramanova@tnuni.sk
This paper is part of the output of the project VEGA 1/0233/16 "Dimensions and
factors related to social and economic development of V4 regions".
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to compare the state and trends of part-time
employment of people aged 65 and over in the V4 counties. The methods used in the
article were regression analysis, beta convergence and correlation diagram. In the
Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia, the share of seniors employed part-time out of
the total number of seniors increased. In Poland, the share of seniors employed part-
time out of the total number of seniors decreased. The Czech Republic had above-
average values of the share of seniors employed part-time out of the total number of
seniors as well as an above-average growth factor. By using beta convergence, neither
the convergence nor the divergence of EU countries in terms of the indicator of the
share of seniors employed part-time out of the total number of seniors was confirmed.
Keywords: population ageing, labour market, part-time employment
1 Introduction
The current common demographic feature of European
developed countries is population ageing. As stated by
Klapková, Šídlo and Šprocha (2016), population ageing is the
result of improving the health status of the population and the
associated mortality ratios in the context of general improvement
of the quality of human life as well as the long-term reduction of
fertility. Deepening population ageing and changes in the family
patterns have significant consequences for the economic growth,
investment and consumption, the labour market, pensions as well
as transfers between generations
(Bleha, Vaňo).
From the point of view of population ageing, it is important for
developed societies to take measures ensuring that the
demographic change does not result in an increase in the share of
seniors living below the poverty line. As stated by Šimková and
Langhamrová (2017), besides ensuring the financing of
retirement, health and social services, it is important to ensure
that after the seniors become retired their living standard does
not deteriorate dramatically.
The characteristics, implications and strategies in the field of
population ageing have been elaborated in some European
documents (WHO, 2012; Council of Europe, 2017) and
formulated into national strategies aimed at supporting active
ageing. Active ageing and successful ageing have become
ubiquitous concepts in the current societies (Säo José et al.,
2017). Documents focusing on active ageing do not define
population ageing as a future threat but as a chance for
individual companies to achieve a higher level of development,
cohesion and intergenerational sustainability (Ministry of
Labour, Social Affairs and Family of the Slovak Republic,
2013). Thus, developed European countries see population
ageing as a challenge that, from the perspective of active aging,
can lead to positive development of individual companies.
According to Vidovi
ćová and Kafková Petrová (2016), in WHO
documents active ageing is seen as a situation where elderly and
ageing people have a continuous opportunity to participate in the
labour market as well as to engage in other unpaid productive
activities. Thus, the active ageing strategy includes finding ways
to involve older workers into social action and work processes.
Engaging elderly people in social actions can be supported by
the flexibility of the labour market and the employment of
elderly workers and seniors (Ministry of Labour and Social
Affairs of the Czech Republic, 2014).
The issue of employing elderly people is very up to date and is
addressed in many scientific areas. It is based on the current
demographic development and reflects the all-society needs of
all economically advanced countries. Krajňáková and Vojtovič
(2017) state that favouring a policy that subordinates the
concept of positive ageing of the population to the economic
growth and labour market is a dominant approach of the absolute
majority of both academic and executive branches. This
approach represents the second important theoretical and
empirical methodology of analysing the issue of population
ageing; a methodology that accentuates the importance of
the needs of the labour market and employability of older
workers. The link between demographic conditions and the
labour market has been analysed by Serban (2012). He refers to
the fact that there is a gradual change of the demand and
consumption structure. One of the problems addressed is the
impact of education on the labour market. Lisenkova, Mérette
and Wright (2013) deal with a model assessing the impact of
population ageing on the labour market in Scotland. The model
is used to evaluate the effects of labour force decline and labour
force ageing on the key macroeconomic variables.
At regional levels, population ageing may have a different
impact on the labour market (Gregory, Patuelli, 2015).
According to Weller (2007), employment is the result of an
interaction of labour supply, labour demand and the regulatory
environment. Changes in employment across countries can
therefore be triggered by the development of the labour market
supply and demand and changes in the regulatory environment at
national level. It is important to analyse these changes and
specify measures that will have a positive impact on the social
and economic development.
Stephenson and Scobie (2002) draw attention to the fact that the
shrinking of the working age population raises the prospect
of an economy-wide reduction in total labour supply by the
middle of this century. However, the actual size of any
reduction will depend crucially on future labour force
participation rates.
In the field of labour market and employment at national levels,
the adoption of national active ageing strategies and policies
aimed at addressing active ageing and supporting the labour
market is already taking place today. According to
Bӧrsch-Supan
(2002), in most OECD member countries labour force
attachment has increased in recent years not only in the age
group 60–64 years but also among people aged 65 and over.
However, this process is at the very initial stage of development
and it is important to deal with it continuously and over the long
term.
V4 countries have some specifics. According to Nováková and
Šoltés (2016), the Czech Republic is the country with the best
material living conditions among the V4 countries. This is
mainly due to having the best values of the indicators except for
the indicator representing housing conditions. Slovakia
maintained its second position during the whole period analysed
and recorded improvement in the areas of income, material
deprivation of citizens and GDP. Hungary recorded worsening
material living conditions almost in all indicators. Poland
improved its position mainly by significant growth of income
and decrease of the indicators representing material deprivation
and poverty. Our intention will be to determine whether part-
time employment of seniors is a different feature of the Visegrád
Group (hereinafter referred to as the V4) countries.
2 Aim, Data and Research Methodology
2.1 Aim and Data
The aim of this paper is to compare the state and trends of part-
time employment of
people aged 65 and over (hereinafter
referred to as "seniors") in the V4 countries. Based on these
findings, we will focus on assessing the differences in the part-
time employment of seniors in the V4.
In the next step, we will look at whether EU countries show
convergence or divergence in the employment rate of seniors
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