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JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH

Chart 5 The share of seniors employed part-time out of the total
number of seniors in the EU

y=(2.42714)+(0.10119)*x

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

3.4

he s

har

e of

eni

par

Own processing in Statistica

Based on the linear models, Table 5 provides a point estimate
and a 95% confidence interval of the share of seniors employed
part-time out of the total number of seniors in 2020.

Table 5 Estimation of the share of seniors employed part-time
out of the total number of seniors in 2020

Point estimate

95% confidence interval

Czech

Republic

3.2589

2.7141

3.8037

Hungary

1.1779

0.9329

1.4228

Poland

1.7435

1.5587

1.9285

Slovakia

1.0529

0.7690

1.3367

EU 28

3.6414

3.4891

3.7938

Own processing in Statistica

If share of seniors employed part-time out of the total number of
seniors develops with the linear trend, in 2020 the Czech
Republic will have the highest value. However, the value of the
indicator would be lower than the EU average.

In the next step, we focused on finding out whether EU countries
show convergence in the share of seniors employed part-time out
of the total number of seniors. However, we had to omit
Luxembourg and Malta from the analysis of 28 EU countries due
to unpublished data. Countries with a relatively high share of
seniors employed part-time out of the total number of seniors
include e.g., the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden,
Netherlands, Denmark and others.

Chart 6 A correlation diagram and beta convergence

Y = 0.003+0.0016*x

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

Logarithm of the initial values

-0.06

-0.04

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

f t

Own processing in Statistica

Note: 1. Belgium, 2. Bulgaria, 3. Czech Republic, 4. Denmark,
5. Germany, 6. Estonia, 7. Ireland, 8. Greece, 9. Spain, 10.
France, 11. Croatia, 12. Italy, 13. Cyprus, 14. Latvia, 15.
Lithuania, 16. Hungary, 17. Netherlands, 18. Austria, 19.
Poland, 20. Portugal, 21. Romania, 22. Slovenia, 23. Slovakia,
24. Finland, 25. Sweden, 26. United Kingdom

Linear regression function with a dependent variable, logarithm
of the average growth factor of the share of the number of
seniors employed part-time out of the total number of seniors (y)
and with the independent variable, with the logarithm of the
initial values of the share of the number of seniors employed
part-time out of the total number of seniors (x) has the following
expression:

The regression coefficient is almost 0, so there is neither
convergence nor divergence. The coefficient of determination is
only 0.109%. Thus, only 0.109% of the total variation is
explained by the model. Graphical representation of the
regression function is in Chart 6.

Chart 6 also contains a correlation diagram in which the
countries are divided into four groups. The Czech Republic is in
the first group, i.e., in the group in which there are countries that
have above-average initial values and an above-average growth
factor. Countries in this group tend to shift away from the others.
The Slovak Republic and Hungary are in the second group. They
have below-average initial values and an above-average growth
factor. They tend to move into the first group, i.e., into the group
in which there are regions that tend to shift away from the others.
Poland is in the fourth group. This group includes regions with
above-average initial values and a below-average growth factor.
They tend to move into the third group, i.e., into the group in
which there are regions that tend to delay the others.

4 Conclusions

Based on the analyses carried out, we can state that regional
specifics in terms of part-time employment of seniors in the V4
countries were determined. In 2009-2011, Poland had the highest
share of seniors employed part-time out of the total number of
seniors. However, in 2012-2016, the Czech Republic had the
highest share of seniors employed part-time out of the total
number of seniors. In the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia
the share of seniors employed part-time out of the total number
of seniors increased in the period analysed. In Poland, the
proportion of seniors employed part-time out of the total number
of seniors decreased.

By using beta convergence, neither convergence nor divergence
of EU countries in terms of the indicator of the share of seniors
employed part-time out of the total number of seniors was
confirmed. From the correlation diagram we concluded that the
Czech Republic had above-average initial values and an above-
average growth factor. It belongs to the countries that tend to
shift away from the others. The Slovak Republic and Hungary
are in the group in which countries tend to move into the group
that tends to shift away from the other countries. Poland is in the
group in which there are countries that tend to move into the
group in which there are countries that tend to delay the others.

Our research has got some limitations. During the analysis, we
did not take into account various regulatory measures and did
not monitor the supply and demand in the national labour
markets. Their detailed specification would make it possible to
characterize the causes of the development of seniors'
employment in individual V4 countries in a wider context. In
further research, it would be necessary to focus on analysing the
development of seniors' part-time employment in terms of the
changing supply and demand in the labour market and regulatory
measures.

Acknowledgement
This paper is part of the output of the project VEGA 1/0233/16
"Dimensions and factors related to social and economic
development of V4 regions".

Literature:

1.

Bleha, B., Vaňo, B.: Some Theoretical and Methodological

Aspects of the Population Policy and Its Outline for the Slovak
Republic. On-line, 10.10.2017. Available at: http://www.infostat
.sk/vdc/pdf/cl49.pdf
2.

Bӧrsch-Supan, A.: Labor Market Effects of Population

Aging. Working Paper, 2002. On-line, 10. 10. 2017, Available
at:

http://www.mea.mpisoc.mpg.de/uploads/user_mea_discuss

ionpapers/dp11.pdf
3.

Council of Europe: Human Rights of Older Persons and

their Comprehensive Care, 2017. On-line, 10.10.2017. Available
at: http://website-pace.net/documents/19855/3313570/2017 032

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