AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
HOMELESSNESS AND ITS PERCEPTION BY SOCIETY
a
TOMÁŠ HABÁNIK
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Trnava – Faculty of social
sciences, Bučianska 4/A, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia
email: thomas.habanik@gmail.com
Abstract: As a sociopathological phenomenon, homelessness has far deeper
significance than it might seem at first glance, where the loss of one´s own home
becomes not only the loss of material values, but also non-material ones. In conditions
within Slovakia, an ongoing insufficient examination of the homelessness issue can be
witnessed whose results are reflected in practice not only in frequent distortion by the
housed majority of information about homelessness, but also in the inability to find a
comprehensive and lasting solution to it. This paper consists of both a theoretical and
empirical part. While the theoretical part consists of basic theoretical reflections
concerning homelessness, as an extreme form of social exclusion, the empirical part
focuses on exploring the perception of homelessness and its various aspects from the
point of view of the majority who have housing.
Keywords: Homelessness, Home, Social exclusion, Perception of Homelessness,
Society.
1 Introduction
Nowadays, homelessness represents an extremely active and
serious sociopathological phenomenon characterized by its far-
reaching consequences not only for the lives of individuals who
suffer from the loss of housing, but also for all of society
(Tvrdoň, Kasanová, 2004).
In conditions observed in Slovakia and other countries in the
former Eastern Bloc, the homelessness issue was brought to
attention especially after 1989, when a transformation of society
occurred in these countries. Considering that homelessness has
still not been sufficiently mapped out and supported by research
findings, it may be nevertheless considered a modern social
phenomenon in Slovakia.
The consequences of this situation may be reflected in frequent
misunderstandings about homelessness by the majority that have
housing, or the inability to take a decisive position on this issue
due to minimum, and very often only distorted information about
homeless people.
2 Homelessness and the attempt to terminologically define it
In considering homelessness as an extreme expression of social
exclusion, it is necessary first to define the concept of social
exclusion itself. It includes, in a wider context, several
dimensions of exclusion (Berafe, 2017) which can therefore
affect the economic, social, political, community, individual,
group or spatial dimension (
Gerbery, Džambazovič, 2005).
Concerning the rise of homelessness, no one can specify a
singular, universal and generally true cause of homelessness
since this phenomenon is affected by several factors of both an
objective and subjective nature. In practice, however, these may
often enough be interconnected (Turnbull, Muclke, Masters,
2007).
Chronic homelessness can also be described as a syndrome of
comprehensive social failure, combined simultaneously with the
person´s inability to cope with conventional social requirements.
In this respect, homelessness is not exclusively associated with
the space intended for everyday dwelling, but is mostly
intangible in nature (sense of safety, security,..) (Vágnerová,
Csémy, Marek, 2013).
Within such a context, it is very difficult to map the actual
number of homeless people because they include not only people
who have clearly and openly declared their social status, but also
a group of hidden or potentially homeless people living either in
substandard or poor housing conditions. Two different thoughts
have emerged in society about what is causing the rise in
homelessness. While the first opinion suggests structural
weaknesses within society, which no one individual can
influence, the second view argues that homelessness is strictly a
failure by individuals observed in various aspects of his or her
life (level of education, employment, health, etc.) (Lux,
Mikeszová, 2013).
When it comes to public space, the life of a homeless person is
fraught with many risks and threats which non-homeless people
do not normally encounter. Concurrently, homelessness is
closely associated with increased health problems affecting not
just physical health, but also mental health, too (Schranzer,
Dominiguez, Shrout, Caton, 2007).
Homeless people often “escape” their mental illnesses through
various addictive substances. In this connection, it could even be
said that the homeless include those who are injecting drugs into
their bodies. However, the administration of drugs by injection is
fraught with extremely serious risks, accompanied by the risk of
HIV and Hepatitis C transmission which threatens not only the
individual's own health, but also public health (Linton,
Celentano, Kirk, Mehta, 2013).
Since the fall of Communism, homelessness has become a new
social phenomenon in Central and Eastern Europe (Hradecký,
2008).
Yet the transformation of social conditions in these countries has
not just caused the onset of homelessness, but also other
sociopathological phenomena directly or indirectly related
thereto (poverty, government housing policies, unemployment,
etc.) (Haburajová-Ilavská et al., 2015).
Nowadays, there are two possible solutions to the issue of
homelessness. One method consists of a gradual, “staircase”
model of existing social services, starting with those of a low-
threshold nature, and culminating with the homeless person
becoming independent with his or her own housing. However,
this model has been shown in a number of European Union
member states as hardly effective (Marek, Strnad, Hotovcová,
2012).
The other solution model whose approach has received attention
is Housing First, which has become part of the adopted strategy
to tackle the situation of homeless people in several countries,
providing social and affordable housing to minimize long-term
homelessness in society (Pleace et al., 2015).
Housing First motivates people who would normally not be able
to obtain their own housing by maintaining affordable housing,
while also providing them with other material and non-material
benefits (Habánik, 2016).
3 Objective and methodology
Based on the theoretical part and as part of this paper, we
decided to continue quantitative research with a questionnaire
covering the period from March 1 to
June 15, 2017 in Trenčín,
Slovakia, a city which has a low-threshold day center providing
social services for homeless people. The overall response rate
reached 79%.
The sample consisted of 158 respondents living in the wider
environment around the low-threshold day center who
anonymously replied to a set of questions. This paper aims to
identify the perceptions and attitudes of the respondents toward
the homeless utilizing a range of social services in the closer
social environment of those participating in the survey.
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