AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
EDUCATIONAL NEEDS OF SENIORS LIVING IN THE FACILITIES OF SOCIAL SERVICES
a
CTIBOR HATÁR
Department of Pedagogy, Faculty of Education, Constantine the
Philosopher University in Nitra, Drážovská 4, 949 74 Nitra,
Slovakia
email:
a
chatar@ukf.sk
Abstract: In his work, the author deals with the concept of an educational need with
the emphasis on the adult age. He dedicates to the classification of educational needs
and factors influencing them and also to the analysis of the educational needs of
seniors. In the second chapter, there the author presents the chosen results of his
research which was carried out almost in all regions of Slovakia in the facilities for
seniors with a sample of 259 respondents. The aim was to find out whether there exists
a relationship between the achieved education of institutionalized seniors and their
need to further educate themselves and also a relationship between the satisfaction of
institutionalized seniors with their own life and their need to further educate
themselves. It was proved in the research that the level of achieved education of
institutionalized seniors is statistically related to their need to further educate
themselves in a significant way. The satisfaction of institutionalized seniors with their
own life is statistically not related with their need to further educate themselves.
Keywords: educational needs; motives; seniors; education; satisfaction with life;
quality of life; level of education; facilities of social services.
Introduction
People think about the old age and seniors mostly in two basic
levels. On one side, there are prevalent such opinions that the
ageing of population is a burden for the economic- social system
of the state because older people often require a certain care they
have not needed until then and, at the same time, they do not
have such a working performance that would be reflected in the
economics. We do not talk about a big amount of prejudices and
myths which depict the old age and seniors in a bad way (more
in: Hrozenská et al., 2008, etc.). On the other side, there is a very
vivid discussion also about the need of active living of the old
age and active ageing which has a legislative support in several
strategic documents, e.g. also in The national programme of
active ageing for the years 2014 - 2020. However, it is necessary
to mention that active living of the old age is not only “a matter”
of self-sufficient seniors who live in their natural environment
but it is also related to the care-requiring seniors living in the
facilities of social services. From among a wide range of
possibilities that help to achieve the active ageing and the active
old age, we have centred our attention exclusively on the
education as a professional tool of andragogues.
1 Theoretical bases - educational needs (of seniors), their
classification and analysis
The educational needs of adults represent a very often mentioned
concept of the andragogical theory and practice. J. Průcha (2014,
p. 35) says that „in the attitudes of adults to the education there
overlap three psychological characteristic features which can be
differentiated with difficulties: motivation - interest - need“. Z.
Palán (1997, p. 128) writes about the educational needs that they
„arise as a hypothetical state (conscious or unaware) when the
individual feels the lack of knowledge or skills that are
significant for his/her further existence, for keeping of his/her
psychic (and also physical) or social functions“. The educational
needs are influenced by values that a man appreciates and, at the
same time, they become a motivational factor of his/her activity
whereas
they are being changed during the course of his/her life
(Průcha, 2014, p. 37). Referring to other authors, G. Simon
and C. Gerdenitsch (2012, p. 16) mention that the developmental
tasks, motivation to education, educational interests, experience,
the need of social contact and living conditions of seniors are
significantly different from the other age categories. S. Haring
and H. Bacher (2014, p. 3) come to the conclusion that the
educational needs of older people are heterogeneous, the
attitudes to education are manifold and the contents of interests
change. Therefore the authors recommend to the educator to find
out what educational needs (needs to learn) the senior
participants have and subsequently, he/she should connect the
process of education / teaching-learning to their biographical
context, personal interests and preferred methodics (how, where
and when) (Haring, Bacher, 2014, p. 13).
It is undeniable that with finishing of the working life, the state
of dependence and the subsequent institutionalization of the
senior, his/her general hierarchy of needs are being changed
fundamentally. What was significant for the senior in the past (in
the state of his/her physical and psychic
functioning and
independence), suddenly it becomes insignificant, and vice
versa.
Generally it is possible to distinguish at least three kinds of
educational needs and these are the educational needs of
individuals (i.e. the needs of real or potential participants of
education which are changeable, they depend on age, gender,
educational level etc.), the educational needs of groups of
subjects (we differentiate the age, professional, socio-economic,
ethnic and other groups) and the educational needs of
companies, sectors, national economy, all the society (these are
mainly the requirements of employers transformed into the needs
and the national priorities/aims of education on the overall social
level) (Průcha, 2014, p. 36-37).
V. Prusáková (2010a, p. 25) writes that by the analysis of the
educational needs it is important to know the possible motivation
and distinguish the need to solve a specific situation from the
educational need. While the need to solve a specific situation is
based on the fact that a man does not have enough knowledge
and he/she cannot solve that situation (the lack of knowledge and
skills), in the educational need the main leitmotiv
is his/her own
need of education in order to cope with with the changing
conditions of life. In the practice it means that the education is
understood as a process of saturation of the needs of the man or
as a need in itself.
The reasons of further education mentioned by V. Prusáková
(2010a) can be fully applied also to the age category of seniors.
It is true that many seniors participate in further education only
in order to satisfy their other needs, mostly the social ones but
there are also such seniors whose incessant education makes
them intrinsically satisfied. Also A. Kobylarek (2010, p. 310)
names several factors which motivate seniors to participate in
education (in the conditions of the Third-Age Universities).
These are the need of personal development, need of social
contact, need of feeling important and significant, need to decide
and the need of something important in their life. It is evident
from the research carried out by S. Haring et al. (2012, p. 35-38)
that women-seniors participate in further education due to the
following reasons: they want to stay active, they perceive
education as a life necessity, they are interested in the presented
topics, social recognition, commitment to fulfil certain tasks (to
go out from the house), the educational group and the social
solidarity in it, social contacts, personal enrichment, etc. From
the mentioned research it was clear that women-seniors are
interested in topics such as the general knowledge and special
skills, the old age, gerontology, work with seniors, astronomy,
movement, biography, theory of chaos, film, photographing,
garden, training of memory, history, health and illness,
globalization, handicrafts, childhood and young age, eating,
culture, art, psychology, literature, painting and drawing,
management, music, nature, new media, pedagogy, anthropology
and education of adults, PC, philosophy, politics, presentation
technique, directing, travelling, religion and spirituality, rhetoric,
singing, languages, dancing, theatre, environment, etc. (Haring et
al., 2012, p. 38-46).
When thinking about the importance of education in the life of
an institutionalized senior, it is important to take into
consideration the whole complex of other needs of an older
person. M. Vágnerová (2000, p. 467-470) includes among them
different psychic needs such as the need of stimulation, need of
orientation and learning, need of activity, need of emotional
security and safety, need of self-realization and the need of open
- 74 -