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JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
2 Mass culture
If we mentioned difficulties of exact definition of the term
culture in the above part, similarly, even in a more diffuse way it
is operated with the terms mass or popular culture in specialized
literature or in practice. Sometimes it can even happen that these
terms are mutually confused, or their mutual delimitation is not
sufficiently defined and restricted. Why does it come
to confusion of these terms? Terminological problems in
unambiguous delimitation of the terms mass and popular culture
are probably caused by the fact that in the description of both
terms there is emphasized primarily extensive characteristics of
their users – in Anthological dictionary under the entry popular
culture there is denoted following „culture shared by wide layers
of population“, in the Dictionary of Media Communication mass
culture is characterized as „culture created for mass audiences“.
In several cases it comes to a complete interconnection of these
terms, which naturally is not correct (Rusnák, 2011, pp. 53).
Individual differences between mass and popular cultures may
be seen especially in the analysis of way of their usage by the
audience. A. Kloskowska in her work Mass Culture (critic and
defence) states that mass culture was born as a secondary
product of industrial revolutions together with industrialisation
and urbanisation and she reminds of two important criteria that
delimit it – criterion of quantification and criterion of
standardisation. In the meaning that is accepted most generally,
according to her the term mass culture relates to current
communication of identical or similar contents, stemming from
a small amount of sources to large masses of recipients, as well
as monolithic forms of a game or entertainment of large masses
of people. The author also states that production of mass culture
enabled origin of secondary mass audience that consumes
contents by means of mass media (Kloskowska, 1967, pp. 68 –
70). We agree with I. Reifová, who adds that mass culture keeps
its characteristic features – it is homogenised, commercialised
and those for whom it is designed do not participate in its
production (Reifová et al., 2004, pp. 113). In general we can say
that mass culture is specific mainly from the perspective of its
aesthetic parameters, target group of consumers and way of
usual production and distribution. In the course of the 20th
century mass culture reached two highlights: in 1920th
(development of radio and film) and in 1950th (spread of
television). To several of typical products of mass culture can be
included folk novels, popular music, comics, TV series,
commercial films, cheap reproductions of creative art works or
decorative utility subjects and the like.
G. Lipovetsky (1999, pp. 62) in his publication Soumrak
povinnosti (Dusk of Duty) in the context of cycle of mass
production and consumption says that a decisive and important
role is played mainly by advertising – by means of it there is
sold and also consumed. Besides consumption and satisfaction
of needs, with advertising there are created new needs, there
arises new life feeling, new mentality, and new culture – culture
of consumption. In this culture civilisation does not suppress the
needs, but it escalates them and absolves from guilt. At the
beginning of the 19th century there were first attempts to classify
different cultural levels and to describe the phenomenon of
pseudo art. American journalist and critic Will Irwin used for the
first time the terms „lowbrow“(an uneducated)
and „highbrow“(an intellectual) in a series of articles published
in the newspaper New York Sun. Reflections on cultural levels
and kitsch were deepened by a well-known American journalist
and critic D. MacDonald, who says that mass culture is goods
meant for mass consumption, which appeared by misshaping
and simplifying of works from highbrow culture and folk art.
Simplicity, naturalness and local availability of folk culture were
replaced by trivialness, global spread and prefabrication of mass
culture that only missuses needs of the masses and serves for
accumulation of profit. MacDonald also spreads concepts
highbrow and lowbrow with a category midcult (middle culture
– culture of middle classes) (MacDonald, 1953, pp. 13-15). In
this context sometimes it is said about a rule of three low –
middle – high culture, whereas mass culture is low. Mass culture
comes with the growth of free time and relatively good standard
of living. While these assumptions of mass culture were not
provided, cultural life of people was at a very low level. Thus
mass culture did not fill the place of a higher culture, but it
replaced the absence of culture. It was determined for people
who do not have either emotional or intellectual capabilities to
be receiving high culture. However, we cannot say that mass
culture evades works of high culture. It brings them along in
condensed and averaged form, in neutralising contexts. Although
valuable works belonging into high culture get by means of mass
media to the audience only in limited extent, it is the only way
how higher values can get to these recipients. If mass media did
not exist, higher culture would not get to these recipients at all.
Nevertheless, it is necessary to remind of the fact that in our
times of a developed system of mass communication there exist
mass media and programmes that purposefully and
systematically focus on quality culture that can satisfy
demanding and educated audience (Rankov, 2002, pp. 41-42).
A. Kloskowska points out that mass culture involves also
components of high cultural level and in this culture they mix
up, join and dissolve with components from other levels. She
defines this process as homogenisation of mass culture, in which
there comes to fading out of distances and differences among
different products of various levels of culture (Kloskowska,
1967, pp. 223). We agree with H. Arendt, who pertinently
emphasises the difference among subjects of individual cultures.
Therefore, division of culture into mass (low) and elite (high)
one is an excellent tool to distinguish quality of individual
works. The subject of culture is characterised by permanence of
values and relative stability, whereas the main signs of the mass
culture works are modernity and novelty, therefore the culture
cannot be consumed, however mass culture can. In mass culture
it is valid that one goods is replaced by another one, which is in
other cultures practically impossible (Arendt, 1994, pp. 127).
It is obvious that the dissemination of mass culture is closely
related to the development and use of mass communication
means, together with the development of reproduction
techniques and technologies. From sociological viewpoint, the
research of mass culture started at the turn of the 19th and 20th
centuries, while it was being examined as a function of certain
type of society and its needs. It may be reminded that in
sociology the term mass culture is used neutrally in terms of
value. However, sometimes this term is value-biased, when mass
culture is characterised in antithesis to so-called high – elite -
culture. It is namely justified to state that development of mass
culture to some extent limits or deforms individual cultural
needs and manifestations and it supports development of less
demanding genres and contents.
Generally speaking, in theoretical reflection it is possible to
delimit three fundamental approaches to the conditions of mass
culture origin, as follows:
1.
Mass culture is a typical product of mass society, which
appeared as a secondary consequence of the impact of
industrial revolution, industrialisation, urbanisation and
mass media (Antonina Kloskowska and Hannah Arendt).
2.
Mass culture filled the space after folk culture, which it
gradually pushes to the margin (Dwight McDonald).
3.
Another approach attributes a key role solely to the impact
of mass media and non-critical adjusting of authors of
media products to average or low taste of the audience
(Umberto Eco).
The above mentioned approaches have a common denominator,
which includes critical outcomes related to the consequences of
the impact of mass culture. In the process of production and
reception of mass culture contents there comes to physical
separation of authors from their recipients, whereas mass
produced culture grades values, withdraws or even destroys
individuality and creativity, supports averageness of an
individual and degrades taste. It often happens that under the
influence of mass culture and utility way to its reception, people
become lethargic, unprincipled to their neighbourhood; willing -
in the name of their utility and hedonic ideal - to tolerate
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