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JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
negative phenomena in the society (e.g. violence on the helpless,
injustice, military aggressions, promiscuity, alcoholism, drug
addiction, etc.). Mass culture grades values of the so-called high
culture, while it permanently comes to a fusion between high
and low arts, whereas there shade away uniqueness
and autonomy or originality of genuine works of art. Unique
production was replaced by mass culture, reacting to mentality
and needs of the audience. Cultural industry producing mass
culture supports the process of homogenisation of objects of art.
Unique production was replaced by mass production, reacting to
mentality and grading by generalising cultural production and
shifting it to the level of market relations, which are set by price
of individual cultural commodities. Cultural contents in the
society, in which there dominates mass culture, have become
goods.
The „Frankfurt School“ is a term with which we denote a group
of intellectuals from the Institute for Social Research, which was
established in 1923 in Frankfurt on the Main. Founders of the
Frankfurter School were philosophers and sociologists Max
Horkheimer (1895-1973) and Theodor W. Adorno (1903-1969),
who elaborated first critical theory on functions and functioning
of mass culture. On the basis of their own analysis of mass
culture they consider mass media as one of the key parts of
maintaining social economic and political relationships in the
modern capitalistic society. In it, mass media are a component
part of a commercial market circle of offer and demand and they
bring along cultural values as goods and culture supported by
advertising. They say that mass culture is a product of industrial
production. This critical reflection of mass culture is denoted by
the term cultural industry. At present, there is much more used
the term entertainment industry (show business), which however
does not change anything in the basis of the criticised
phenomenon (Rankov, 2002, p. 40). A key tool of cultural
industry is commodity. Thus commodities are cultural products
that entered into market mechanisms and have become goods.
Representatives of the Frankfurter School say that by means of
cultural industry the society has overmastered an individual
using advertising and mass communication, therefore the term
cultural industry is not compatible with the term mass culture.
These critics perceived mass culture in a positive way, as
a culture of masses „from the bottom“ (form of folk culture).
While this culture reflects traditional values, is a manifestation
of individual creativity and stands in opposition to the industry,
cultural industry is a „controlled culture from the above“ and its
aim is ideological impact and social control (Plencner, 2005, pp.
191). Basic features of mass culture are as follows:
It is not traditional (not connected with a territory, not
designed for closed communities);
It is not elite;
It is produced in a mass way (mass production and
distribution of cultural contents);
It is commercialized (focused on profit);
It is standardised (it uses time-proved methods of
production, simple aesthetic schemes and attractive effects,
repeating plots and stereotyped characters);
It is homogenised;
It incites to mass behaviour.
3 Popular culture
The times after the World War II bring a new insight on mass
media and mass popular culture, which originated in the USA
and gradually penetrated into other countries and societies. Due
to popularity and relatively easy availability, it started to be
perceived as a culture designed for elite audience and not only as
a culture mass produced for masses of people. The endeavour for
fun and phenomenon of free time has become the main part of
popular culture – pop culture. Etymological meaning of the
word comes from the Latin word populus, which means people.
In broad sense of word we may thus talk about certain
community, which is united into certain group. Although the
term „people“ is an abstract category, in this context we may
claim about the community that its members behave as one
organism in specific situations, they have certain common needs,
desires, ideas and values. In this original Latin understanding is
thus popular something what is favourite for people, generally
known or aimed at people.
According to A. Giddens (2000, pp. 360) popular culture is
defined as a „form of entertainment, which is watched, read or
attended by hundreds of thousands or even millions of people”.
It is also denoted as a culture that makes a statement on real life
of ordinary people, or folk culture of a modern society. We also
identify with the theory of DeFleur-Dennis (1998, pp. 283), who
understand popular culture as „mass communicated messages
with limited intellectual and aesthetic demands and content that
is proposed for entertainment and distraction of media
audience”. It often comes to the shortening of the term popular
culture into the form pop-culture; both terms are identical as far
as the meaning is concerned. The object of popularity (favour)
thus can be people, opinions, subjects or activities. However,
popular culture or popularity cannot be automatically connected
with mass audience, as it was by mass culture. Consumers of
pop culture can be divided into two groups according to who is
involved, as follows:
1.
Huge amount of people, wide population, masses -
mainstream
2.
Smaller amount of people, minority audience – sub-stream
In this context Z. Slušná mentions an important media theorist J.
Fiske, who in his work Understanding Popular Culture states that
popular culture – sphere whose basis and determinant is
popularity, lives due to activity of subjects. This connection of
reflection of pop-culture with the reception of an activity both
intellectual and sensual at the same time has brought along
second wind into the research of popular phenomena. It may be
unambiguously stated that cultural production meant for public
reception usually takes into account taste, interests and attitudes
of receivers by means of the attribute of „pretty-pannedness“.
Pop-culture is a specific cultural sphere that on the basis of its
inner flexibility and dynamics enables self-expression and self-
presentation to groups and communities, which exist in different
positions inside the official culture, but through their picture of the
world, are not in absolute contrast with it. (Slušná, 2012, pp. 3)
A. Plencner says that if a group is united by popularity of
common objects, such a group creates „subculture“ (Plencner,
2005, pp. 196). Theorist of communication technologies and
media D. McQuail (1999, p. 127-128) denotes popular culture as
„the most widely spread symbolical culture of our times“. Here,
we can remind of the fact that pop culture has more sources. The
basic ones include institutions specialized in production and
dissemination of cultural material (music industry, radio,
television and film companies, publishers of books etc.).
A specific source includes specialized communities that spread
different facts and information and seek to clearly interpret them
(news providing media, scholars etc.). In these cases
popularisation has a function of making specialized information
available to laics. V. Gažová (2003, pp. 29-31) adds club activity
to the sources of popular culture. Within it, it may be said that
„club culture” deals with a specific group interest and focuses on
common programme. Here, we include mainly various free time
activities and hobbies.
In the context of popular culture we may also mention the term
idol – an important component of popular culture. It is a person
who has become popular among the audience. Role models are
most often preferred by children or teenagers; here we mean
famous actors, music bands or sportspeople. The audience
admire their idols, they perceive them as role models and very
often they identify with them. We may also mention idol as
gainful employment – different understudies of film stars or
imitators of famous musicians and singers. L. Gogová says that
pop culture is a product of industrial revolution and it is also
a part of market cycle of offer and demand. Mass produced
commodities have become an entity, which was used by the
audience in order to distract or entertain, whereas entertainment
has transformed to one of the priority goods determined for
consumption of a consumer (2013, pp.41).
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