AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
SELF-CARE - SELF-REGULATION
a
MONIKA HRICOVA,
b
LADISLAV LOVAŠ
a,b
Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Faculty of Arts,
Department of Psychology, Moyzesova 9, 040 59 Košice, Slovak
Republic
email:
a
monika.hricova@upjs.sk,
b
ladislav.lovas@upjs.sk
The study was supported by the grant APVV-14-0921 Self-care as a factor of coping
with the negative consequences of the practicing the helping professions
Abstract: The main aim of this study was to focus specifically on the area of self-care
and identify dimensions of self-regulation within this context. In this study, self-care is
conceptualized as a much broader phenomenon. Self-care contains a self-regulatory
activating and inhibiting component. For this reason, we constructed and verified a
new questionnaire for measuring self-regulation in the context of self-care named the
Self-Care Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SCSRQ). Based on the factor analysis four
factors were extracted: Personal growth, Healthy life style, Control over negative
mood, Control over health risks. The results support a dual concept of self-regulation.
The factor analysis also distinguished between self-care of health (factors Healthy life
style and Control over health risks) and self-care of psychological well-being (factors
Personal growth and Control over negative mood).
Keywords: self-regulation, self-care, health, well-being
1 Self-care
The topic of self-care has been established as a subject of
research mainly in the context of nursing in relation to health
(Jarsma et al., 2003). This is reflected in many definitions in
which self-care is basically defined as taking care of one´s own
health (Godfrey et al., 2011). Most of the research of self-care
focuses on people suffering from health problems (Riegel,
Jarsma, Stromberg, 2012). However, it can be argued that self-
care is not necessarily limited to the context of health and illness.
Self-care as such is relevant for the whole population and related
to a whole spectrum of other issues.
For example, Orem (2001) in her theory argues that application
of a broad definition of self-care is needed. She defines self-care
“as the practice of activities that mature person initiates
and performs, within time frame, to promote and maintain
personal well-being, healthy functioning and continuing
development throughout life” (Orem, 2001, p. 52). Others have
also pointed out the there is a relationship between self-care and
well-being (Moore et al., 2011). Jaarsma et al. (2003) suggested
that self-care could be a universal phenomenon which is
triggered by the presence of health problems or by
developmental issues. However, at the same time it has been
emphasized that any activity related to self-care is based on an
initiative of an individual (Godfrey et al., 2011). The fact that
self-care should be understood as a part of a wider context is
supported by the existence of terms such as psychological and
spiritual self-care (Moore et al., 2011). In particular,
psychological self-care has been given a substantial attention
with respect to its relation to work stress, burnout syndrome and
further problems often faced by psychologists, social workers
and therapists (Maltzman, 2011; Lovašová, 2015; Raczova,
Lovašova, 2016; Halachová, Lichner, 2017; Mesárošová, 2017).
Defining self-care as a set of initiatives of an individual raises
the question of their psychological background. Some definitions
of self-care present self-care as an ability but this does not
provide any explanation regarding the underlying process. For a
better understanding of the processes involved in the
psychological background of self-care as well as factors that
influence it, it is important to put self-care in the existing
theoretical context. The importance of recognizing this
background was pointed out by Leventhal, Leventhal and
Robitaille (1998). They presented their view of self-care and put
it in the context of self-regulatory processes. The concept of self-
regulation is defined as a consciously regulated activity (or a set
of activities) by an individual (by his/her self) and therefore
represents a natural framework for explaining the psychological
background of self-care. As a result, the concept of self-
regulation can provide a background for the self-care domain
within which self-care activities are based on self-regulatory
processes
.
2 Self-regulation
Self-regulation is frequently studied in relation to the processes
of selection, goal pursuit and behavioral change. For example,
Hoyle (2010) defined self-regulation as a set of intra-individual
processes through which an individual maintains the pursuit of
his/her goals. According to Baumeister, as well as a number of
other researchers, self-regulation can be defined as a complex
ability of human beings to exercise control over their internal
states, processes and behavior. Self-regulation manifests itself as
an ability of an individual to change his/her behavior, modify it
and adjust it to certain requirements (Baumeister, Vohs, Tice,
2007).
Defining self-regulation as a set of complex processes highlights
the importance of the identification of these processes and their
conceptualization. For example, Carver and Scheier (1982)
proposed a cybernetic model of self-regulation consisting of four
components: reference, input, comparator and output. Next,
Kanfer (1970) proposed a model consisting of three processes of
self-regulation (self-monitoring, self-evaluation and self-
reinforcement). Then, Miller and Brown increased the number of
processes involved in self-regulation to seven. In order to
identify these processes they have constructed the Self-
Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ) (Brown, Miller, Lawendowski,
1999), which consists of seven dimensions (informational input,
self-evaluation, instigation to change triggered by perceptions of
discrepancy, searching for ways to reduce discrepancy, planning
for change, implementation of behavior change, and evaluation
of progress toward a goal). Carey, Neal and Collins (2004)
explored the factor structure of this questionnaire and failed to
confirm its original factor solution. Instead, they found support
for the existence of a single factor with 31 items. Based on this
finding a short version of the SRQ named the SSRQ (Short Self-
Regulation Questionnaire) was created. Following this, Neal and
Carey (2005) continued with the psychometric testing of the
SSRQ and identified two factors: impulse control and goal
setting.
The overview of the research findings shows that when
describing the processes of self-regulation it is important to
include the processes which inhibit activation in certain
directions. This corresponds with the distinction between the two
basic motivational systems: activating and inhibiting (Carver,
White, 1984). It also corresponds with the concept of self-
regulation defined as a complex ability of an individual to
exercise control over his/her internal states (Baumeister, Vohs,
Tice, 2007). This basically means that having control over
oneself, or exercising self-control, is a part of self-regulation.
Self-control is characterized as an ability of an individual to keep
under control and suppress or inhibit inappropriate pressures
which can be either elicited by stimulation form the outer
environment or spontaneously emerge from individual´s inner
states. Self-control stands, within the current research, as an
independent construct distinct form self-regulation (Tangney,
Baumesiter, Boone, 2004) and this allows for testing the
assumption that there is a positive relationship between self-
regulation of self-care and self-control, which is implied by their
definitions.
3 Research
The presented background shows that when operationalizing
self-regulation in the context of self-care, it is possible to
distinguish individual components based on their specific
content as well as with regard to the systems involved,
represented by the activating and inhibiting systems. The content
is given by focusing on health and physical well-being or on
psychological well-being and personal development. Both types
of focus contain a proactive or activating component which is
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