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and well-being and based on this the first factor was named
Personal growth.
The second extracted factor (F2) consisted of nine items which
measured the activation of physical self-care. These items
addressed how an individual tries to live healthily by monitoring
his/her weight, diet and physical shape. This second extracted
factor was named Healthy life style.
The third extracted factor (F3) consisted of four items which
mainly addressed individual´s effort to maintain control over
psychological well-being and inhibit negative mood. This factor
was named Control over negative mood.
Finally, the fourth factor (F4) consisted of five items which
addressed the effort to control physical health and avoid risk
behavior. The factor was named the Control over health risks.
The following analysis of the extracted factors and individual
items showed that the SCSRQ reflected the dual character of
self-regulation in self-care. Specifically, the factors Personal
Growth and Healthy life style measured goal setting in the
context of health, whereas the factors Control over negative
mood and Control over health risks reflected the effort to
suppress or avoid undesired behaviors. This questionnaire was
also based on a wider view of self-care when the physical (F2
Healthy life style; F4 Control over health risks) and the
psychological (F1 Personal growth; F3 Control over negative
mood) can be distinguished within the domain of self-care.
Inner consistency of the final version of the Self-Care Self-
Regulation Questionnaire was 0.89 and inner consistency of
individual factors ranged from 0.72 to 0.87 (F1 = 0.80, F2 =
0.87, F3 = 0.76 a F4 = 0.72).
4.2 Correlation with self-control
In the final step in the analysis, the relationship between the
newly constructed questionnaire and the Self-control scale was
analyzed. As can be seen in Table 2 the Pearson correlation
coefficients between the SCSRQ, as well as its factors, and the
SCS were found to be significant and positive.
Table 2 Pearson correlation between the factors of the Self-Care
Self-Regulation Questionnaire and Self-control scale
Factors SCSRQ
F1
F2
F3
F4
HS
SCS
0.31**
0.28** 0.17* 0.43** 0.42**
F1 = Personal growth, F2 = Healthy life style, F3 = Control over negative mood, F4 =
Control over health risks, HS = total score, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01
5 Discussion
The most important contribution of this study is the
identification of the four factor structure of self-care self-
regulation based on the factor analysis of the items of the
SCSRQ. The identified factors were named: Personal growth,
Healthy life style, Control over negative mood, Control over
health risks. The questionnaire as a whole, as well as its
individual subscales showed good psychometric properties. All
alpha coefficients reached values well above the desired criterion
of 0.70 which is required as a minimum for newly constructed
instruments. The relationship between self-control and self-care
self-regulation was found to be statistically significant and this
was also found with regard to all SCSRQ factors. The Self-care
Self-Regulation Questionnaire was also found to be positively
and significantly associated with self-control.
From the perspective of theoretical consistency, it is a positive
finding that the identified factors corresponded with important
aspects of current approach to studying self-regulation and self-
care. In case of self-regulation, the results of the factor analysis
can be interpreted as supporting the dual concept of self-
regulation which distinguishes two basic components: goal
setting and impulse control (Carver, Scheier, 1984; Strack,
Deutsch, 2004). The factors of Personal growth and Healthy life
style represent goal orientation and the factors Control over
health risks and Control over negative mood represent the
tendency to inhibit impulsive behavior in these domains.
However, it is still a matter for further discussion whether
factors, and the particular items, sufficiently address goal-
oriented behavior. In other words, whether the responses of the
respondents sufficiently reliably measure goals regarding to
health, physical well-being, psychological well-being and
personal growth. Future research should address whether the
factors Control over negative mood and Control over health risks
sufficiently measure the ability to inhibit impulses which disrupt
the physical and emotional well-being.
The findings of this study are significant for self-care research,
especially because the identified factors correspond with the
theoretical assumptions regarding self-care in the context of
health. At the same time they emphasize the fact that a broad and
complex approach for studying this construct is needed. Another
finding which supports this conceptualization is the fact that the
constructed questionnaire (consisting of items regarding self-
care, psychological well-being and personal growth) was
internally consistent. High correlations were observed between
individual items and the total score SCSRQ. In addition to this,
the factor analysis distinguished between self-care of health and
self-care of psychological well-being and personal growth. In
particular, the factor Personal growth and the factor Control over
negative mood represent the self-care regarding psychological
well-being and the factors Healthy life-style and Control over
health risks represent the striving to maintain physical health and
have a long life.
Further research in this area using the SCSRQ can built on the
positive correlations between self-control and the total score as
well as subscores of the SCSRQ. These correlations demonstrate
that there is an inherent association between self-regulation, self-
care and self-control which was also observed in our previous
research (Lovaš, 2010). Although, a stronger association
between the SCS score and the individual factors representing
content specific self-control within the SCSRQ (subscales
Control over negative mood and Control over health risks) had
been expected. While statistically significant correlations were
found they were relatively small. Surprisingly, the smallest
observed correlation was found between the SCS and the factor
Control over negative mood in self-care. This could be partially
explained by the wording of the items in the SCS and should be
addressed in further research.
This study focused on the self-care in terms of self-regulation.
For this purpose the Self-Care Self-Regulation Questionnaire
with final 32 items was created and psychometrically tested. The
self-regulation offers a possibility to clarify the background of
self-care. It enables to adapt a broader view of self-care, which
does not limit it only to health care. This new questionnaire can
be used in the field psychology, health or social work.
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